{"id":198,"date":"2018-04-23T04:26:09","date_gmt":"2018-04-23T04:26:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/?p=198"},"modified":"2018-04-23T04:26:09","modified_gmt":"2018-04-23T04:26:09","slug":"%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%98%af%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/2018\/04\/23\/%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%98%af%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb\/","title":{"rendered":"\u9648\u7d20\u82ac\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Tan-Soor-hon-e1502390406981.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-382\" src=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Tan-Soor-hon-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b<\/h3>\n<p>\u9648\u7d20\u82ac\u8457\uff1b<br \/>\n\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66<br \/>\n<strong>\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e<\/strong>\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u7814\u7a76\u00b7\u7b2c\u56db\u8f91\u300b, \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2011\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c273-288\u9875<br \/>\n\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6743\u4e8e\u8fdb\u6b65\u5112\u5b66\u7f51<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u77db\u76fe\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fdb\u884c\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u4f18\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5c06\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7f6e\u201c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9010\u6e10\u63a5\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7fa4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6025\u9700\u4e00\u6761\u80fd\u591f\u8d70\u51fa\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u9057\u4ea7\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u5fc5\u62e9\u5176\u4e00\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u51fa\u8def\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7528\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u5c06\u5112\u5bb6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7528\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u6000\u4fee\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6279\u5224\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\u7279\u8272\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5883\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e94\u66f4\u52a0\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u5728\u4e8e\u53bb\u5f3a\u8c03\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u5e94\u53bb\u8bba\u8bc1\u5112\u5bb6\u8d24\u80fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b.pdf\">\u4e0b\u8f7dPDF\u7248\u672c<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u9605\u8bfb\u5168\u6587\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u9648\u7d20\u82ac<\/p>\n<p>\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66<\/p>\n<p>\u5b59\u4f1f\u8bd1<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6709\u5173\u5417\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\uff09\u662f\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6216\u8005\u662f\u65e0\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ea\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u60c5\u51b5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec8\u7ed3\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65f6\u9650\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c06\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u5076\u5c14\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\uff08\u5076\u5c14\u535a\u7231\u4e5f\u88ab\u4eba\u8bb0\u5f97\uff09\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u50cf\u5408\u4e4e\u539f\u5219\u548c\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u591a\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u53f8\u6cd5\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u8d77\u88ab\u6e34\u671b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u6548\u4eff\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5fc5\u7136\u8ddf\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e00\u60f3\u6cd5\u5df2\u88ab\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u2026\u2026\u963b\u6b62\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u300b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u4f1a\u57282015\u5e74\u52302020\u5e74\u8fdb\u4eba\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u201d\u8c03\u67e5\u6240\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u884c\u5217\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e66\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u51b5\u5c06\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u5305\u62ec\u5fcd\u8010\uff0c\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5185\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u73b0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u5bf9\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u5f3a\u8c03\u201d\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff08\u548c\u5728\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u9769\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u5b83\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e1c\u4e9a\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u62e5\u6709\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u738b\u6b63\u7eea\u8fd8\u662f\u5426\u8ba4\u4e86\u5b83\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u73b0\u4ef7\u503c\u5d1b\u8d77\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e00\u6837\u6b63\u5728\u8d70\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u201c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u50cf\u539f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5fcd\u8010\uff0c\u53cd\u7236\u6743\u5236\uff0c\u53cd\u5bb6\u957f\u5236\uff0c\u539f\u6027\u522b\u5e73\u7b49\u7b49\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u2019\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u73b0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u5c06\u4f1a\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u4f1a\u6216\u5e94\u5f53\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u6362\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u6291\u6216\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u73b0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u8d8b\u52bf\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u4ea4\u6362\u65b9\u6848\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6848\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u6881\u6728\u751f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u8bba\u8fa9\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53cd\u9a73\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7834\u574f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5230\u9ad8\u7ea7\u751f\u4ea7\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u76f8\u5e94\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u6700\u9ad8\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>\u4ed6\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5e94\u5f53\u5206\u6b65\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6bd4\u8f83\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u7701\u4efd\u2014\u6d59\u6c5f\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\uff0c\u798f\u5efa\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\uff0c\u8fbd\u5b81\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9700\u898120\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e00\u5171\u67094\u7ec4\u7701\/\u5e02\uff0c\u6bcf\u7ec4\u9700\u89815\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\u6881\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u5b9e\u8d28\u9690\u542b\u7740\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53d6\u51b3\u5b50\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u6881\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u4f55\u65f6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u591f\u91c7\u7eb3\u4ed6\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u65e0\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u6389\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u57281987\u5e74\u5f15\u4eba\u4e86\u4e61\u6751\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e61\u6751\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u201c\u5730\u65b9\u9009\u4e3e\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u9ad8\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u65bd\u52a0\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u529b\u4ece\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e61\u6751\u9009\u4e3e\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u573a\u201d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u6717\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u76db\u884c\u7740\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u201c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u6c11\u4e3b\u52a8\u6001\u8c03\u67e5\uff08The East Asia Barometer\uff09&#8221;\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5730\u533a\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u653f\u5e9c\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c83. 6%\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u671f\u671b\u5b83\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u6216\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u670913%\u7684\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u671f\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u77f3\u5929\u5065\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u201c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u6620\u7740\u5bf9\u653f\u4f53\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u591a\u515a\u5408\u4f5c\u4f53\u5236\u662f\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u591a\u515a\u5236\u4e2d\u5df2\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u548c\u6545\u969c\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u4e0e\u6881\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6709\u7ec6\u5fae\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u90d1\u6c38\u5e74\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4ece\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u793c\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4ece\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u52a8\u529b\u8981\u6bd4\u4ece\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u663e\u8457\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd9\u79cd\u793c\u7269\u53ea\u662f\u5f53\u4ece\u4e0b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u8981\u6c42\u65f6\u624d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>\u6839\u636e\u90d1\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u969c\u788d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u201c\u6253\u5012\u5b54\u5bb6\u5e99\u201d\u548c\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u662f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u53e3\u53f7\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u7834\u574f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u6709\u8bbd\u523a\u610f\u5473\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u540e20\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u4e9a\u6d32\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u5305\u62ec\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u80fd\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u201c\u4e9a\u6d32\u4f8b\u5916\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\uff08Asian exceptionalists\uff09\uff08\u5728\u201c\u4e9a\u6d32\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u8bba\u8fa9\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\uff09\u52a0\u4eba\u5230\u4e94\u56db\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u9635\u8425\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u5b83\u9762\u4e34\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e94\u56db\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u90d1\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u5c31\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u969c\u788d\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6e38\u79bb\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u575a\u6301\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u9014\u5f84\u201d\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u963b\u788d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\u90d1\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u51c6\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u751f\u6d3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u201d\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u90fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u600e\u6837\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4ee5\u6c11\u4e3b\u5229\u76ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0d\u60ca\u8bb6\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u603b\u662f\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u906d\u9047\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6301\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u60f3\u201c\u4ece\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5143\u7d20\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u90d1\u6c38\u5e74\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u5931\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\u4ed6\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u5a01\u6743\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u652f\u6301\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u666e\u904d\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u57fa\u4e8e\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u88c1\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u5982\u540c\u5176\u4ed6\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\uff09\u957f\u4e45\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5c31\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u96be\u56f0\u5883\uff1a\u5bf9\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0e\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u4ece\u4e94\u56db\u65f6\u671f\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u90fd\u613f\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u540e\u8005\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u62ef\u6551\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5343\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\uff08\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u90d1\u5e76\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u51c6\u5907\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u505a\u51fa\u540c\u6837\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u91c7\u7528\u5a01\u6743\u5f0f\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u4f7f\u5f97\u90a3\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90d1\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u97e9\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7f6e\u4e8e\u65e7\u7684\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u4e92\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e5f\u8bb8\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9610\u91ca\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u5728\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u793e\u533a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff09\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u5171\u5b58\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u675c\u7ef4\u660e\u5728\u4ed6\u62d2\u7edd\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u7ef4\u62a4\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u65f6\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>\u90d1\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u9694\u79bb\u3002\u5f53\u8ba8\u8bba\u5230\u4e1c\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u5bb9\u7eb3\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e7\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e3b\u8981\u53d8\u5316\u5c31\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u65e7\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5a01\u6743\u5f0f\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fb5\u8680\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6e05\u9664\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u5730\u65b9\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u6e05\u9664\u6389\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u635f\u5931\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9762\u5411\u5417\uff1f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6e05\u9664\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u5f81\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u6e05\u9664\uff1a\u53ef\u8fd9\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u727a\u7272\u5b83\u4eec\u501f\u7ed9\u65b0\u65e7\u6df7\u5408\u4f53\u7684\u6587\u5316\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u5417\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6d88\u9664\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e94\u56db\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e2d\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u5b66\u672f\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u8fd9\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u62d2\u65a5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u534e\u88d4\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u4eba\u66fe\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u897f\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u8fd9\u4e00\u6559\u80b2\u6df1\u53d7\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u4f5c\u4e3a\u524d\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5979\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u57f9\u517b\u5c06\u5979\u7ea6\u675f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u88ab\u5f88\u6a21\u7cca\u5730\u7406\u89e3\uff09\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u5979\u4ecd\u80fd\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u5979\u4f5c\u4e3a\u534e\u88d4\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u627f\u4e4b\u95f4\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\u65f6\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u5f53\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u6270\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6587\u5316\u666f\u89c2\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u6d89\u8db3\u8fc7\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u300a\u65cf\u88d4\u6563\u5c45\u300b\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u957f\u671f\u7ecf\u53d7\u5168\u7403\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u542c\u4f17\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8eb2\u907f\u9519\u8bef\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff08\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u901a\u8fc7\u575a\u6301\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u624e\u6839\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u627f\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u4e1c\u4e9a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u4eba\u4eec\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7275\u5f15\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u5c31\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u76db\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6ecb\u751f\u90a3\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f88\u5feb\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u5371\u9669\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u589e\u957f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u5316\u6216\u6587\u660e\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u963b\u788d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u501f\u53e3\u4ece\u800c\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u6d88\u9664\u6389\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u963b\u788d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u975e\u5e38\u652f\u6301\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u80fd\u591f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u201c\u6bd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u8eab\u66f4\u52a0\u5112\u5bb6\u3002\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5112\u5bb6\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6bd4\u6307\u5411\u5fb7\u56fd\u6216\u5fb7\u8bed\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u8da3\u5473\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u55bb\uff08\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u548c\u9a71\u52a8\u56fd\u9645\u5730\u7406\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u51b2\u7a81\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u660e\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u671f\u671b\uff09\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\u5f3a\u8c03\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u542b\u4e49\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u8df5\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u6587\u5316\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff08\u67d0\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\uff09\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5171\u5b58\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u52a0\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5f53\u524d\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>\u5931\u8d25\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u5931\u53bb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u6240\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff1a\u5728\u4f7f\u5f97\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u66f4\u52a0\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\uff1a\u5728\u7528\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u5207\u6765\u4fee\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c06\u5112\u5bb6\u7406\u5ff5\u5f15\u4eba\u6b67\u9014\u5417\uff1f\u575a\u6301\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e86\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4e2d\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u5f97\u5c06\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u57f9\u517b\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u9014\u5f84\u90fd\u4e0d\u9002\u5f53\u4e86\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8fce\u5408\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5112\u5bb6\u6765\u62ef\u6551\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u8fd8\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u671d\u5411\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u79cd\u6539\u5584\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba3\u79f0\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u786e\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u6700\u597d\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e3a\u66f4\u52a0\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u91cd\u5851\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u7b14\u8005\u5148\u524d\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u901a\u8fc7\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e00\u79cd\u91cd\u5efa\u6765\u663e\u793a\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c06\u4f1a\u56de\u907f\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u90a3\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u88ab\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6240\u5de9\u56fa\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u5229\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5728\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u5979\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u517b\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u793e\u7fa4\u91cc\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6210\u5c31\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u7fa4\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u6301\u975e\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u7ebd\u5e26\u4e2d\u6700\u4eb2\u8fd1\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u504f\u7231\u63a8\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b9e\u8df5\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u8d85\u8d8a\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u504f\u7231\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u535a\u7231\uff08\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u201c\u4ec1\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5fb7\u6027\u4e2d\uff09\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff08\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u4eb2\u5c5e\u4f1a\u81ea\u7136\u504f\u7231\uff09\u548c\u9700\u8981\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u57f9\u517b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u504f\u7231\u5c31\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u5173\u6000\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u91cc\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u5c06\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u793c\u4eea\u5b9e\u8df5\uff08\u793c\uff09\u6765\u517b\u6210\uff0c\u7528\u6d3e\u745e\u5e0c\u4e9a\u00b7\u827e\u5e03\u745e\uff08Patricia Ebrey\uff09\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u793c\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u7684\u673a\u5236\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0e\u201c\u793c\u6559\u201d\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9519\u8bef\u5b9e\u8df5\u88ab\u9c81\u8fc5\u8c34\u8d23\u4e3a\u201c\u5403\u4eba\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u793c\u5982\u679c\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u673a\u68b0\u6027\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u6216\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u5e76\u4e14\u5ba1\u7f8e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u80fd\u591f\u57f9\u517b\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f53\u5b83\u5efa\u6784\u5e76\u7ef4\u7cfb\u7740\u793e\u7fa4\u65f6\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u770b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ece\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u770b\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u7fa4\u80fd\u591f\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u4e92\u52a9\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u8be2\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u591f\u8865\u5145\u5b83\u7684\u793c\u4eea\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u793c\u4eea\u5b9e\u8df5\u6240\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u51b2\u7a81\u5e76\u5411\u548c\u8c10\u8fc8\u8fdb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e5f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6587\u672c\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u88ab\u9610\u91ca\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u201c\u5f3a\u8feb\u4eba\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u827e\u8d5b\u4e9a\u00b7\u535a\u6797\uff08Isaiah Berlin\uff09\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u5e72\u6d89\u4eba\u4eec\u4ee5\u53ca\u9650\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u8eab\u5c45\u6743\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002\u90a3\u5c06\u662f\u201c\u5a01\u6743\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6210\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6210\u957f\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5a01\u6743\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ba4\u53ef\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u6ecb\u517b\u7740\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u88ab\u6743\u5a01\u6240\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6743\u5229\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u4f20\u7edf\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u5168\u964c\u751f\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u53ef\u80fd\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u5c06\u6743\u5229\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f53\u505a\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4fdd\u62a4\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u6709\u7528\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u7528\u63a5\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u601d\u7ef4\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u6743\u5229\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5ffd\u7565\u5176\u5b83\u4e5f\u80fd\u4fdd\u62a4\u6d88\u6781\u6027\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u4e0d\u5371\u53ca\u6b63\u9762\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u5f8b\u548c\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5ba3\u79f0\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4fdd\u62a4\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u5ba3\u79f0\u6743\u5229\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u7edd\u5bf9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u90fd\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u56e0\u800c\u514d\u9664\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u90a3\u5c06\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6743\u5229\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5185\u5728\u5730\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u6743\u5229\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u5f53\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u53ea\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u5c06\u4f1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u786e\u4fdd\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u80fd\u591f\u53d7\u5230\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u5e76\u5173\u5fc3\u4eba\u6c11\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u51c6\u5907\u540c\u6837\u5173\u6ce8\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u90a3\u513f\uff0c\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u754c\u9650\u5728\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f02\u8bae\u4f7f\u5f97\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u3002\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\uff08Daniel A. Bell\uff09\u66fe\u5efa\u8bae\u4e00\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u534f\u8c03\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u5bf9\u667a\u6167\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7cbe\u82f1\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u548c\u5927\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u5ea6\u548c\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a>\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u201c\u5177\u6709\u5112\u5bb6\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u5c06\u4f1a\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u548c\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\uff08\u8d24\u58eb\u9662\uff1a\u201c\u6709\u624d\u80fd\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u8bae\u9662\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u6765\u9009\u62d4\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u5584\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u7bb1\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\uff08J. S. Mill\uff09\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u4ee3\u8bae\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u5efa\u8bae\u5206\u79bb\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u63a7\u5236\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u201d\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a>\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u7cbe\u82f1\u62db\u52df\u548c\u63d0\u5347\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u8003\u8bd5\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u6280\u672f\uff1a\u8fd9\u8fd8\u88ab\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u6240\u8865\u5145\uff1a\u7531\u9080\u8bf7\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0a\u9488\u5bf9\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7279\u522b\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5b89\u6392\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u8868\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u505a\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u529b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\uff1a\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5efa\u8bae\u6216\u6267\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e13\u5bb6\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a>\u5728\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bae\u9662\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\u5386\u53f2\u8d8b\u52bf\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u5c06\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u5c14\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u8bba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u666e\u904d\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u4e0b\u7531\u81ea\u7531\u516c\u5e73\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6765\u586b\u5145\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u201d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5185\u5728\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u800c\u5177\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\">[37]<\/a>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f88\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u5728\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u524d\u666f\u65f6\uff0c\u8427\u529f\u79e6\u76f8\u4fe1\u201c\u5728\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u5c06\u4f1a\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u548c\u66f4\u52a0\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u2014\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6743\u5b9c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn38\" name=\"_ftnref38\">[38]<\/a>\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u201c\u6c11\u4eab\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff08government for the people\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u597d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5f88\u591a\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u540c\u610f\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9996\u8981\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff08government by the people\uff09\u5c31\u663e\u5f97\u5177\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u79cd\u5a01\u6743\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u597d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u6280\u672f\u6709\u6548\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u52a0\u4ee5\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u6c11\u4e3b\u751a\u4e8e\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6216\u8005\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u7e41\u8363\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8861\u91cf\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5a01\u6743\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff08\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5df2\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff09\u65f6\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b97\u8ba1\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0d\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u51cf\u5c11\u5927\u4f17\u5bf9\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u3002\u5f53\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u505a\u5f97\u597d\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u7406\u7531\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5f53\u6743\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u653f\u4f53\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u6807\u7b7e\u4e3a\u8363\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u88ab\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u56f0\u6270\u65f6\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn39\" name=\"_ftnref39\">[39]<\/a>\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\uff08Andrew Nathan\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u663e\u793a\u4ece1978\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u4f53\u4e2d\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u63d0\u62d4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d3e\u7cfb\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5bf9\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u5de9\u56fa\u5a01\u6743\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee4\u4eba\u70e6\u6270\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1a\u201c\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u9ad8\u5ea6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u548c\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6574\u5408\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn40\" name=\"_ftnref40\">[40]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u8d5e\u540c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u548c\u8d1d\u5c14\u6700\u5c0f\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7279\u70b9\u2014\u662f\u5177\u6709\u6700\u5c11\u542f\u53d1\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn41\" name=\"_ftnref41\">[41]<\/a>\u90a3\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f1a\u5f88\u96be\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u9664\u4e86\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u4ef7\u503c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u8d4b\u4e88\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u675c\u5a01\u5728\u4ed6\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5f3a\u8c03\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u575a\u6301\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u5728\u4ed680\u5c81\u65f6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\uff0c\u675c\u5a01\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u6e05\u9664\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u548c\u5916\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u83b7\u5f97\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u90a3\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn42\" name=\"_ftnref42\">[42]<\/a>\u7b14\u8005\u8d5e\u540c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u793e\u7fa4\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u4ef7\u503c\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u2014\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u66f4\u52a0\u9002\u5408\u3002\u867d\u7136\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\u5177\u6709\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5185\u5728\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u79bb\u5f00\u4f26\u7406\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fee\u517b\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e5f\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e8e\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5173\u6ce8\u62d3\u5c55\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u62d3\u5c55\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u79e9\u5e8f\u5e76\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5e26\u6765\u548c\u5e73\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn43\" name=\"_ftnref43\">[43]<\/a>\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e94\u5f53\u600e\u6837\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e00\u8d77\u548c\u7766\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u662f\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u54ea\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b89\u6392\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u7fa4\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6210\u957f\u3002\u867d\u7136\u201cpolity&#8221;\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u653f\u4f53\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u5728\u8bcd\u6e90\u5b66\u4e0a\u4e0epolis\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u5730\u57df\u5185\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u5219\u662f\u201c\u653f\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u97f3\u5f02\u4e49\u8bcd\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u597d\u7684\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\uff08\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\uff0c12. 17\uff09\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5206\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5211\u6cd5\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u6b63\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u201c\u5fb7\u653f\u201d\u7684\u575a\u6301\u4e2d\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u634e\u5e26\u7740\u52c9\u5f3a\u627f\u8ba4\u5728\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5883\u5730\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn44\" name=\"_ftnref44\">[44]<\/a>\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u91cd\u5efa\u6765\u8bf4\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b14\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u540c\u610f\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6216\u5236\u5ea6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fdd\u80cc\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6216\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u5e38\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5f53\u7136\u652f\u6301\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u5468\u671f\u6027\u5730\u4fee\u6b63\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u8d1d\u5c14\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u62c5\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u5bf9\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5219\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u5bf9\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u800c\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u654c\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u2014\u201c\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u5177\u6709\u5112\u5bb6\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8bef\u5bfc\u8bfb\u8005\u5c06\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6bd4\u5982\u7ef4\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u591a\u00b7\u5e15\u96f7\u6258\uff08Vilfredo Pareto\uff09\u3001\u52a0\u5854\u8bfa\u00b7\u83ab\u65af\u5361\uff08Gaetano Mosca\uff09\u3001\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u65af\uff08Robert Michels\uff09\u548c\u6000\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\uff08Wright Mills\uff09\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u6743\u529b\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u5176\u542b\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u654c\u5bf9\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn45\" name=\"_ftnref45\">[45]<\/a>\u8d1d\u5c14\u5df2\u7ecf\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u201d\uff08meritocracy\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08elitism\uff09\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn46\" name=\"_ftnref46\">[46]<\/a>\u4ed6\u5f53\u7136\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u56fe\u7528\u201c\u8d24\u58eb\u9662\u201d\u6765\u7ec4\u6210\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u90fd\u5f88\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u5728\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u52a0\u4ee5\u786e\u8ba4\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u5185\u5728\u540c\u6027\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u635f\u5931\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u53d7\u76ca\u5e76\u6c38\u8fdc\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn47\" name=\"_ftnref47\">[47]<\/a>\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u9690\u542b\u7740\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u6d88\u9664\u4e00\u5207\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u548c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u76f8\u4f3c\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn48\" name=\"_ftnref48\">[48]<\/a>\u5173\u4e8e\u5e73\u7b49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u54ea\u79cd\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u79cd\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u3001\u907f\u514d\u6216\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6cbb\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u5206\u914d\u6743\u529b\u5c31\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u8981\u6bd4\u57fa\u4e8e\u51fa\u8eab\u6216\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5206\u914d\u4f18\u8d8a\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u5c14\u57fa\u4e8e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u516c\u5e73\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u9996\u8981\u6027\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5\u662f\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u516c\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9009\u62e9\u6807\u51c6\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u57fa\u4e8e\u5176\u8868\u73b0\u4e0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u5229\u7528\u8003\u8bd5\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1a\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u7ecf\u53d7\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u8003\u8bd5\u5141\u8bb8\u4e00\u4e9b\u751f\u4e8e\u6781\u7aef\u8d2b\u56f0\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u9ad8\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u4f20\u5947\u5f0f\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u6311\u9009\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u5458\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5\u771f\u7684\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6e29\u9971\u7ebf\u4e0a\u52c9\u5f3a\u5ea6\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5de5\u4f5c\u6765\u652f\u6491\u6574\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d1f\u62c5\u53bb\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u5df1\u7236\u6bcd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bcc\u6709\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u826f\u597d\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5979\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u5462\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u51fa\u751f\u65f6\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\uff1f\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5728\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u51fa\u5e2d\u548c\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u4e0d\u5408\u9053\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u5728\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u548c\u516c\u5e73\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u5c06\u4f1a\u548c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u4e00\u6837\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u529f\u7ee9\u800c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u5bfc\u5411\u66f4\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u66f4\u6709\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cbe\u82f1\u9886\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u52a0\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6027\uff1a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u523b\u610f\u9650\u5236\u3002\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u4e24\u6b21\u90fd\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6709\u6743\u52bf\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u6216\u8005\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u540c\u6837\u4e24\u6b21\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\u5417\uff1f\u80fd\u591f\u5341\u6b21\u90fd\u8fd9\u4e48\u597d\u5417\uff1f\u80fd\u591f\u4e00\u767e\u6b21\u5417\uff1f\u54ea\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5462\uff1f\u516c\u6b63\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u7279\u522b\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u5411\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u90a3\u79cd\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u8d5e\u626c\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u7edf\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\u5e94\u5f53\u66f4\u52a0\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u5185\u5728\u5177\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6768\uff08Michael Young\uff09\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u201d\uff08meritocracy\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8912\u4e49\u8bcd\u3002\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u300b\uff08 The Rise of Meritocracy\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u8bbd\u523a\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6700\u521d\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u6700\u7ec8\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u201c\u8d35\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u800c\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u51ed\u501f\u529f\u7ee9\u800c\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u6743\u529b\u6765\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b50\u5b59\u53d7\u76ca\u800c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u540e\u8005\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u76f8\u6bd4\u662f\u5426\u6709\u529f\u7ee9\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn49\" name=\"_ftnref49\">[49]<\/a>\u9274\u4e8e\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u503e\u8986\u7684\u5371\u9669\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u6765\u8bf4\u5c24\u5176\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5bf9\u67d0\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\u7684\u504f\u7231\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5883\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn50\" name=\"_ftnref50\">[50]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u5927\u591a\u6570\u90fd\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u5236\u540d\u58f0\u57fa\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u6743\u4e4b\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e09\u79cd\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u201d\uff08\u201c\u4e09\u7eb2\u201d\uff09\uff1a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5bf9\u81e3\u5b50\u3001\u7236\u4eb2\u5bf9\u513f\u5b50\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e08\u592b\u5bf9\u59bb\u5b50\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn51\" name=\"_ftnref51\">[51]<\/a>\u5728\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9677\u9631\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f55\u6e05\u6d9f\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5148\u524d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5728\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u5e72\u6270\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8fdc\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u6536\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u201c\u6743\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6216\u6768\u5e06\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u6743\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u201d\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u5206\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u660e\u663e\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5e26\u6765\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn52\" name=\"_ftnref52\">[52]<\/a>\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6311\u6218\u8981\u66f4\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8ffd\u5bfb\u4e2d\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5883\u51b5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e0c\u671b\u770b\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u5f53\u653f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4ee5\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u5f3a\u8c03\u548c\u63d0\u5347\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63d0\u5347\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u6765\u8bf4\u7279\u522b\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7b49\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5173\u8054\u4f7f\u5f97\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u662f\u5185\u5728\u5177\u6709\u7b49\u7ea7\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ef0\u6155\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5728\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn53\" name=\"_ftnref53\">[53]<\/a>\u7b14\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bba\u8fa9\u8fc7\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5f3a\u52a0\u5728\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn54\" name=\"_ftnref54\">[54]<\/a>\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4ece\u4e0a\u7ea7\u5230\u4e0b\u7ea7\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u6392\u540d\u7684\u82b1\u540d\u518c\u3002\u67d0\u4e2a\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ca\u683c\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u7f51\u7403\u624b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u4f4e\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5374\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9ad8\u7b49\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e8b\u52a1\u6709\u7740\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u65e0\u77e5\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u6210\u5c31\u4e5f\u968f\u7740\u4ed6\u7ecf\u5386\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u5185\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8d76\u4e0a\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8d8a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u6765\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6240\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d8\u52a8\u7740\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5341\u5b57\u4ea4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u91cd\u53e0\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u9610\u91ca\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u201c\u5206\u5316\u578b\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u3002\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e3e\u8d24\u624d\u201d\u2014\u67d0\u79cd\u4ece\u5b54\u5b50\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u7531\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u662f\u5728\u5c06\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c4\u5219\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u7279\u6b8a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u9879\u7279\u6b8a\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u9886\u57df\u9009\u62d4\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u6709\u6548\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u201c\u4ee5\u5fb7\u6cbb\u56fd\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u8003\u8bd5\u5c31\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u6709\u9053\u7406\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8003\u8bd5\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u9009\u62d4\u6709\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5112\u5bb6\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63d0\u5021\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u3002\u6839\u636e\u9648\u7956\u4e3a\uff08Joseph Chan\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5112<\/p>\n<p>\u5bb6\u6b63\u4e49\u5c31\u662f\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u5b98\u804c\u88ab\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f9d\u636e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5408\u7406\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn55\" name=\"_ftnref55\">[55]<\/a>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u7684\u5206\u914d\u539f\u5219\u53d7\u5230\u6e29\u9971\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u5ead\u63d0\u4f9b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn56\" name=\"_ftnref56\">[56]<\/a>\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u7ed9\u4e88\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u9700\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u843d\u5728\u6e29\u9971\u7ebf\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u88ab\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u6e29\u9971\u7ebf\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u5b98\u804c\u548c\u85aa\u6c34\u5e94\u5f53\u4f9d\u636e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u548c\u8d21\u732e\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u914d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6536\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn57\" name=\"_ftnref57\">[57]<\/a>\u5728\u7b14\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ec5\u5c31\u5112\u5bb6\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u8bba\u6765\u7ed3\u675f\u662f\u5177\u6709\u8bef\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5112\u5bb6\u8ba4\u53ef\u6709\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4eba\u548c\u6709\u624d\u4e4b\u4eba\u5728\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5b98\u804c\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5956\u8d4f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5bbd\u6055\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u82f1\u624d\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u5021\u4efb\u547d\u6709\u80fd\u548c\u6709\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4eba\u6765\u62c5\u4efb\u5b98\u804c\uff0813. 2\uff1a15. 14\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7bc7\u7ae0\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b98\u5458\u5e94\u5f53\u4f9d\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u5956\u52b1\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u663e\u793a\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5956\u52b1\u529f\u7ee9\u6216\u8005\u57fa\u4e8e\u529f\u7ee9\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u6743\u529b\u6216\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5206\u914d\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u4ec1\u653f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b50\u534e\u4f7f\u4e8e\u9f50\uff0c\u5189\u5b50\u4e3a\u5176\u6bcd\u8bf7\u7c9f\u3002\u5b50\u65e5\uff1a\u201c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u91dc\u3002\u201d\u8bf7\u76ca\u3002\u66f0\uff1a\u201c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5e9a\u3002\u201d\u5189\u5b50\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7c9f\u4e94\u79c9\u3002\u5b50\u65e5\uff1a\u201c\u8d64\u4e4b\u9002\u9f50\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e58\u80a5\u9a6c\uff0c\u8863\u8f7b\u88d8\u3002\u543e\u95fb\u4e4b\u4e5f\uff0c\u541b\u5b50\u5468\u6025\u4e0d\u7ee7\u5bcc\u3002\u2019<a href=\"#_ftn58\" name=\"_ftnref58\">[58]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7bc7\u7ae0\u4e5f\u8bb8\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u548c\u529f\u7ee9\u539f\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u4f9d\u636e\u5979\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u6765\u5956\u52b1\u5979\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u548c\u5206\u914d\u4e8b\u52a1\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5979\u4e0e\u5b50\u534e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5bf9\u63d0\u8bae\u7ed9\u5979\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8c37\u7269\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b50\u534e\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u5979\u6bcd\u4eb2\u591a\u5c11\u8c37\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u60c5\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5206\u914d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5956\u52b1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u6240\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5189\u6709\u7ed9\u5b50\u534e\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8d85\u8fc7\u5b50\u534e\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u6240\u5e94\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u5e78\u8fd0\u5e76\u4e14\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u81ea\u5df1\u7167\u987e\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7bc7\u7ae0\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5728\u5206\u914d\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u529f\u7ee9\u624d\u662f\u9996\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u529f\u7ee9\u539f\u5219\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5956\u52b1\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u5b83\u603b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5206\u914d\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5230\u5e95\u591a\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u5f85\u5546\u69b7\u7684\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u6743\u4e4b\u4eba\u548c\u9ad8\u5b98\u5e94\u5f53\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u4eba\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u671f\u5f85\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u524d\u8005\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5bf9\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u540e\u8005\uff08\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\uff0c12. 9\uff09 \u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b5f\u5b50\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u6709\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u5956\u8d4f\u7684\u8511\u89c6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8a00\u9971\u4e4e\u4ec1\u4e49\u4e5f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u613f\u4eba\u4e4b\u818f\u7cb1\u4e4b\u5473\u4e5f\uff1a\u4ee4\u95fb\u5e7f\u8a89\u65bd\u4e8e\u8eab\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u613f\u4eba\u4e4b\u6587\u7ee3\u4e5f\u3002\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn59\" name=\"_ftnref59\">[59]<\/a>\u6709\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4eba\u6240\u5e94\u5f53\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5956\u52b1\u4fbf\u662f\u7ee7\u7eed\u6709\u5fb7\u884c\u5730\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u60e0\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u901a\u8fc7\u793a\u8303\u6559\u80b2\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6700\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u8340\u5b50\u5c06\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u5173\u6ce8\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u660e\u663e\u63d0\u5021\u6309\u7167\u6709\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u6765\u5956\u8d4f\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5230\u6709\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4eba\u5728\u7edf\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u65f6\u5e94\u5177\u6709\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5076\u5c14\u8868\u9732\u4e86\u5b54\u5b50\u548c\u5b5f\u5b50\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u201c\u6545\u541b\u5b50\u65e0\u7235\u800c\u8d35\uff0c\u65e0\u7984\u800c\u5bcc\u2026\u2026\u7a77\u5904\u800c\u8363\u201d\u3002\u4e3a\u201c\u53d6\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u201c\u5229\u800c\u4e0d\u5229\u4e5f\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn60\" name=\"_ftnref60\">[60]<\/a>\u6709\u5fb7\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u591a\u4e48\u503c\u5f97\u5956\u8d4f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5360\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u4eba\u6c11\u6240\u80fd\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u8340\u5b50\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u5021\u5956\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u73b0\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u7bc7\u7ae0\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn61\" name=\"_ftnref61\">[61]<\/a>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u627f\u8ba4\u4eba\u6027\u6076\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u8340\u5b50\u5728\u6df7\u4e71\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f53\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u50cf\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684\u8822\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u633d\u6551\u5112\u5bb6\u9677\u4eba\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8003\u8651\u6ce8\u5165\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u6559\u4e49\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u4f1a\u575a\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u592a\u5feb\u653e\u5f03\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u867d\u7136\u73b0\u5b9e\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u9886\u57df\u652f\u4ed8\u9ad8\u85aa\u539a\u7984\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8c08\u5230\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u4ee5\u5fb7\u6cbb\u56fd\u201d\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u8bb0\u4f4f\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5e76\u4e14\u76f4\u767d\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u3002\u5fb7\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e70\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u9ad8\u85aa\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u6216\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u91d1\u94b1\u800c\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u53ef\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u53d8\u5f97\u5bcc\u8d35\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u5c11\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u624d\u662f\u8d2c\u4f4e\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4f60\u5728\u4e16\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u987d\u56fa\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u7406\u5ff5\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5c06\u4f1a\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u8fce\u5408\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c97\u4fd7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c31\u4f1a\u72af\u4ee5\u201c\u5929\u7235\u201d\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6765\u575a\u6301\u201c\u4eba\u7235\u201d\u7684\u7f6a\u4e86\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn62\" name=\"_ftnref62\">[62]<\/a>\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u52a0\u6e29\u548c\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5305\u542b\u7740\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\uff0c\u8ba4\u53ef\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u6216\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u7269\u8d28\u5956\u52b1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ee5\u7269\u8d28\u5956\u52b1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4eba\u662f\u770b\u4ed6\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u6536\u4eba\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u6536\u4eba\u53ea\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u670b\u53cb\u653e\u7eb5\u5462\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u6350\u52a9\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6570\u989d\u7ed9\u7a77\u4eba\u548c\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5462\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5112\u5bb6\u201c\u4ec1\u201d\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u5c06\u4f1a\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u529f\u7ee9\u6240\u6323\u5f97\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u6765\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6bd4\u4ed6\u5dee\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8dcc\u5012\u5728\u201c\u6e29\u9971\u7ebf\u201d\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8981\u628a\u94b1\u82b1\u8d39\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63d0\u5347\u4eba\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\uff08\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\uff09\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u52a0\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u679c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u82f1\u624d\u5236\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u79cd\u53ea\u88ab\u6e29\u9971\u539f\u5219\u548c\u5bf9\u8d2b\u56f0\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u6240\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b54\u5b50\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4e3b\u5f20\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u5747\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8d2b\u7a77\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn63\" name=\"_ftnref63\">[63]<\/a>\u4ed6\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\u6bcf\u4e2a\u613f\u610f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5982\u4f55\uff08\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\uff0c7.7,\u00a0 13.9,\u00a0 15.39\uff09\u3002\u5b5f\u5b50\u6279\u8bc4\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6c89\u6eba\u4e8e\u5962\u4f88\u7684\u4eab\u4e50\u4e4b\u4e2d\u800c\u4e0d\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u5206\u4eab\u3002\u8340\u5b50\u4e5f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6545\u738b\u8005\u5bcc\u6c11\uff0c\u9738\u8005\u5bcc\u58eb\uff0c\u4ec5\u5b58\u4e4b\u56fd\u5bcc\u5927\u592b\uff0c\u4ea1\u56fd\u5bcc\u7b50\u7b50\uff0c\u5b9e\u5e9c\u5e93\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn64\" name=\"_ftnref64\">[64]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u548c\u975e\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u9ad8\u5c42\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u8340\u5b50\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u4e0a\u201d\u5e94\u5f53\u50cf\u201c\u5982\u4fdd\u8d64\u5b50\u201d\u90a3\u6837\u5bf9\u5f85\u201c\u4e0b\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u4e88\u540e\u8005\u7684\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u800c\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff1a\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5c11\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u5f53\u6743\u7684\u66f4\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u7167\u987e\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn65\" name=\"_ftnref65\">[65]<\/a>\u867d\u7136\u5112\u5bb6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u575a\u6301\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6216\u5185\u5728\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e86\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u7ef4\u6301\u4efb\u4f55\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u663e\u8457\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u901a\u8fc7\u89c6\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u6027\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u4fee\u6b63\u4e86\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u6cbb\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6d88\u6781\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e0e\u5bcc\u4eba\u548c\u6709\u6743\u4e4b\u4eba\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u592a\u591a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u904f\u5236\u7740\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6210\u957f\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u59a8\u788d\u4e86\u548c\u8c10\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f26\u7406\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u6ca1\u6709\u8fbe\u5230\u90a3\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u4e4b\u591a\u91cd\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u5efa\u6784\u6027\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u793e\u7fa4\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u5e73\u7b49\uff09\u76f8\u62b5\u89e6\u65f6\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u4f53\u3002\u54ea\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u5f3a\u8c03\u5c06\u968f\u7740\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u800c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b58\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4ee5\u793e\u7fa4\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u800c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff09\u6279\u5224\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u5728\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u90a3\u79cd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5851\u9020\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u548c\u7740\u91cd\u70b9\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u88ab\u8bef\u5bfc\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u7fa4\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8fc7\u591a\u5f3a\u8c03\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u201c\u793e\u7fa4\u201d\u7ecf\u5e38\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u5e38\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u63d0\u5021\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5e94\u5f53\u523b\u610f\u5f3a\u8c03\u53bb\u9664\u90a3\u79cd\u5bf9\u793e\u7fa4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u5112\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u6279\u5224\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u793e\u7fa4\u201d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u5e38\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f53\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u6709\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u65f6\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f3a\u8c03\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6587\u660e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u8236\u6765\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a8\u52a8\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u7740\u91cd\u70b9\u56e0\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba3\u79f0\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u6709\u7740\u4efb\u4f55\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6216\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u7684\u7740\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff1a\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u4e1c\u4e9a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u533a\u57df\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5c06\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u76ca\uff1a\u7b14\u8005\u6b63\u5728\u56de\u5e94\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e2d\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u63d0\u5021\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u6765\u8fc7\u5206\u8d5e\u626c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2d\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u9996\u5148\u7531\u8d5b\u83ab\u5c14\u2022\u9a6c\u4e01\u2022\u5229\u666e\u8d5b\u7279(Seymour Martin Lipset)\u00a0 (1959),\u00a0 &#8220;Some Social Pre-requisites of Democracy:\u00a0 Economic Development and Political Legitimacy&#8221;,\u00a0 American Political Science Review 53. 1:69-105\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u8fd8\u662f\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6240\u91cd\u65b0\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u7814\u7a7620\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u52b3\u745e\u2022\u6234\u5c14\u8499\u5fb7(Larry Diamond)(1992),\u00a0 &#8220;Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered&#8221;,\u00a0 American Behavioral Scientist 15: 450-99\uff0c\u548c\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u5173\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f17\u5170\u897f\u65af\u2022\u798f\u5c71 ( Francis Fukuyama),\u00a0 &#8220;Confucianism and Democracy&#8221;\uff0c\u5728\u52b3\u745e\u2022\u6234\u5c14\u8499\u5fb7(Larry Diamond)\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u2022\u666e\u83b1\u7279\u7eb3(Marc F. Plattner)\u6240\u7f16\u7684The Global Divergence of Democracies\u00a0 (Baltimore,\u00a0 MD;\u00a0 Johns Hopkins University Press)\uff0c\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3002\u51ef\u5c14\u2022\u514b\u62c9\u514b(Cal Clark)\u5728\u201cModernization,\u00a0 Democracy and the Developmental State in Asia; A Virtuous Cycle or Unraveling Strands?&#8221;(\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u2022\u8377\u5229\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7(James Hollifield)\u548c\u51ef\u5c14\u6587\u2022\u6770\u68ee(Calvin Jillson)\u57282000\u5e74\u7f16\u8f91\u7684Pathways to Democracy,\u00a0 New York:\u00a0 Routledge\uff0c\u7b2c9\u7ae0)\u4e2d\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u51ef\u7ecd\u2022\u9a6c\u5e03\u5df4\u5c3c(Kishore Mahbubani)\u00a0 (1995),\u00a0 &#8220;The Pacific Way&#8221;,\u00a0 Foreign Affairs74. 1: p. 103\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u52b3\u745e\u2022\u6234\u5c14\u8499\u5fb7(Larry Diamond)\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u2022\u666e\u83b1\u7279\u7eb3(Marc F. Planner)\u57281993\u6240\u7f16\u7684The Global Resurgence of Democracy\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u738b\u6b63\u7eea(2008) ,\u00a0 Democratization in Confucian East Asia ;\u00a0 Citizen Politics in China, \u00a0Singapore, South Korea ,\u00a0 Taiwan,\u00a0 and Vietnam\u00a0 (Youngstown,\u00a0 NY:\u00a0 Cambria Press)\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f55\u65f6\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5206\u5316\u7740\u3002\u5728\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u6742\u5fd7\u300b2003\u5e74\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u201d\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u8981\u6bd4\u738b\u6b63\u7eea\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8f83\u5c11\u4e50\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cp. 36\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c226\u9875\u3002\u738b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u2022\u82f1\u683c\u54c8\u7279(Ronald Inglehart)\u548c\u514b\u745e\u65af\u6c40\u2022\u5a01\u5c14\u6cfd\u5c14(Christian Welzel)\u5728Moderrzization,\u00a0 Cultural Change\uff0cand Democracy:the Human Development Sequence (New York:\u00a0 Cambridge University Press)\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u89c6\u89d2\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c62-63\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u6881\u6728\u751f(2004),\u00a0 Theory of Democratization in Steps(\u300a\u68af\u5ea6\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b)(Singapore:\u00a0 Hope PublishingHouse)\uff0c\u7b2c48-56\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c270-280\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c301-302\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u90d1\u6c38\u5e74(2004)\uff0cWill China Become Democratic? Elite Class and Regime Transition\u00a0 (Singapore:\u00a0 Marshall Cavendish)\uff0cp. 141\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u8d75\u7a57\u751f(2006), &#8220;Political Liberalization without Democratization&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8eDebating Political Reforms in China: Rule of Law vs. Democratization (Armonk, NY; M. E. Sharpe), 41-57, p. 47\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e61\u6751\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u4f55\u5305\u94a2(2007)\uff0cRural Democracy in China;\u00a0 The Role of Village Elections\u00a0 (New York;\u00a0 Palgrave Macmillan);\u8c2d\u9752\u5c71 (2006)\uff0cVillage Elections in China:\u00a0 Democratizing the Countryside (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon) ;\u7f57\u5a01\u5c14\u2022\u5e95\u7279\u83ab\u5c14(Lowell Dittmer)\u548c\u5218\u56fd\u7acb(\u7f16)(2006 ), China&#8217;s Deep Reform; Domestic Politics in Transition (Lanham, MD;\u00a0 Rowman&amp;Littlefield)\uff0c\u7b2c13, 14\u7ae0;\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u2022\u6d3e\u745e(Elizabeth Perry)\u548c\u83ab\u91cc\u2022\u6208\u5fb7\u66fc(Merle Goldman)(\u7f16)( 2007 ) ,\u00a0 Grassroots Political Reform inChina (Cambridge,\u00a0 MA;\u00a0 Harvard University Press)\uff0c\u7b2c2, 3\u7ae0.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u53f2\u5929\u5065(2008) ,\u00a0 &#8220;China:\u00a0 Democratic Values Supporting an Authoritarian System&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u6731\u4e91\u6c49(Yun-hanChu)\uff0c\u52b3\u745e\u2022\u6234\u5c14\u8499\u5fb7(Larry Diamond)\uff0c\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb(Andrew Nathan)\u548c\u7533\u9053\u6f88 (Doh Chull Shin)(\u7f16)\uff0cHow East Asians View Democracy\u00a0 (New York;\u00a0 Columbia University Press)\uff0c209-237,\u00a0 pp.235\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u5f90\u4e45\u521a\uff0c\u51af\u8fdb\u6210\uff0c\u5218\u6da6\u6c11(2006),\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac:\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cp. 11\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u5fb7?\u51af(Edmund Fung)\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u57281929\u5e74\u81f31949\u5e74\u95f4\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u3002\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u51af(2000), In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929-1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u6cd5\u745e\u5fb7\u2022\u624e\u5361\u745e(Fareed Zakaria)\u00a0 (1994),\u00a0 &#8220;Culture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew&#8221;,\u00a0 Foreign Affairs 73. 2\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4e9a\u6d32\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u9010\u6e10\u7a33\u5b9a\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u76f8\u7ee7\u5173\u4e8e\u4e9a\u6d32\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e5f\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u52b3\u745e\u2022\u6234\u5c14\u8499\u5fb7(Larry Diamond)\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u2022\u666e\u83b1\u7279\u7eb3(Mare F. Plattner)\u57281998\u5e74\u6240\u7f16\u7684Democracy in East Asia\u00a0\u00a0 (Baltimore,\u00a0 MD;\u00a0 Johns Hopkins University Press)\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u732e\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec:\u6234\u7ef4\u5fb7\u2022\u5e0c\u533a\u8003\u514b(1994 ) ,\u00a0 Asian Values and United States ; How Much Conflict?\u00a0\u00a0 (Washington,\u00a0\u00a0 D. C.:Center for Strategic and International Studies);\u7ea6\u745f\u5c3c.\u8003\u594e\u7433(Josiane Cauquelin) ,\u9c8d\u5c14\u2022\u6797(Paul Lim)\u548c\u6ce2\u5409\u2022\u8fc8\u5c14\u4e00\u8003\u5c3c\u683c(Birgit MayerKonig) (\u63a5\u4e0a\u9875\u6ce8)1998\u5e74\u7f16\uff0cAsian Values ;\u00a0 An Encounter with Diversity\u00a0 (Surrey,\u00a0 B. C.:Curzon);\u9ea6\u535a\u2022\u9ec4 (Mob Huang)\u00a0 (2000)\uff0cDebating Asian Values:Saying Too Little or Saying Too Much? (Taipei; Academia Sinica); \u6c5f\u5b9c\u6866(2000),\u00a0 Asian Values and Communitarian Democracy\u00a0 (Taipei:\u00a0 Academia Sinica); \u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u2022\u5df4\u5c14(Michael Barr) ( 2002 )\u00a0 Cultural Politics and Asian Values :\u00a0 the Tepid War\u00a0 ( London: Routledge)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> Zheng, Will China Become Democratic? \u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3002\u867d\u7136\u90d1\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u88ab\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u5b83\u60c5\u51b5\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4ec5\u5c31\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u5377\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u4e9a\u6d32\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u4e89\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u827e\u5fb7\u534e\u2022\u5f17\u745e\u5fb7\u66fc(Edward Friedman)\u5728The Politics of Democratization;\u00a0 Generalizing East Asian Experiences\u00a0 ( Boulder; Westview Press,\u00a0 1994)\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u5021\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u9014\u5f84\u201d\u3002\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u4e25\u8083\u5bf9\u5f85\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u2022\u8003\u666e\u987f(Robert W. Compton Jr.)(2000),\u00a0 East Asian Democratization:\u00a0 Impact of Globalization,\u00a0 Culture and Economy (Westport,\u00a0 CT;\u00a0 Praeger)\u3002Zheng, Will China Become Democratic? p. 96\u3002\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u725f\u5b97\u4e09\u3001\u5510\u541b\u6bc5\u548c\u5f90\u590d\u89c2\u3002\u675c\u7ef4\u660e\u4ee5\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ee7\u7eed\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u7d20\u82ac(2008),\u00a0 &#8220;Modernizing Confucianism and `New-Confucianism&#8221;&#8216;,\u00a0 The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture\uff0ced. Kam Louie\u00a0 (Cambridge:\u00a0 Cambridge University Press)\uff0cchapter 7;\u00a0 Hao Chang (1976)\uff0c&#8221;New Confucianism and Intellectual Crisis of Contemporary China,&#8221; Charlotte Furth (ed.)\uff0cThe Limits o f Change;Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China\u00a0 (Cambridge,\u00a0 MA;\u00a0 Harvard University Press)\uff0cpp. 276-304\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> Zheng, Will China Become Democratic? p. 96\u3002\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u725f\u5b97\u4e09\u3001\u5510\u541b\u6bc5\u548c\u5f90\u590d\u89c2\u3002\u675c\u7ef4\u660e\u4ee5\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ee7\u7eed\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u7d20\u82ac(2008),\u00a0 &#8220;Modernizing Confucianism and `New-Confucianism&#8221;&#8216;,\u00a0 The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture\uff0ced. Kam Louie\u00a0 (Cambridge:\u00a0 Cambridge University Press)\uff0cchapter 7;\u00a0 Hao Chang (1976)\uff0c&#8221;New Confucianism and Intellectual Crisis of Contemporary China,&#8221; Charlotte Furth (ed.)\uff0cThe Limits o f Change;Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China\u00a0 (Cambridge,\u00a0 MA;\u00a0 Harvard University Press)\uff0cpp. 276-304\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cp. 82\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u675c\u7ef4\u660e(Tu Wei-ming) (1984),\u00a0 Confucian Ethics Today:\u00a0 the Singapore Challenge\u00a0 (Singapore;\u00a0 CDIS and Federal Publications),\u00a0 p. 23,\u00a0 p. 90;\u53e6\u89c1(1989),\u00a0 Confucianism in an Historical Perspective\u00a0 (Singapore;\u00a0 Institute of East Asian Philosophies)\uff0cp. 3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> Zheng,\u00a0 Will China Become Democratic? p. 80.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> Lin Yu-Sheng(\u6797\u6bd3\u751f)(1979),\u00a0 The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness:\u00a0 RadicalAntitraditionalism in the May Fourth Era\u00a0 (Madison;\u00a0 University of Wisconsin Press); Chang, \u201cNew Confucianism\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u9664\u4e86\u4e94\u56db\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ee7\u7eed\u6301\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6bd4\u5982\u767d\u9c81\u8be2(Lucian Pye)\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u2022\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f(Samuel Huntington)\u3002\u89c1\u7b14\u8005\u4ed6\u4eec\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u201cReconstructing Culture\u201d pp. 32-33\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> Zheng\uff0c Will China Become Democratic?\u00a0 p. 79.\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u97e9\u56fd\u4ec5\u5c31\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4fdd\u7559\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0d\u518d\u63d0\u5021\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u89c1\u674e\u6668\u9633(Chenyang Li),\u00a0 The Tao Encounters the West\u00a0 (Albany:\u00a0 State University of New York Press),\u00a0 chapter 7\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5171\u5b58\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6574\u5408\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u4ef7\u503c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u4f7f\u7528\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u6765\u6279\u5224\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u77e5\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u7f57\u601d\u6587(Henry Rosemont,\u00a0 Jr. )\uff0c\u90dd\u5927\u7ef4(David Hall)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b89\u4e50\u54f2(Roger Ames)\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5185\u7ef4\u52d2(Robert Neville)\uff0c\u675c\u7ef4\u660e(Tu Wei-ming)\uff0c\u6210\u4e2d\u82f1(Chung-ying Cheng)\u548c\u5218\u8ff0\u5148(Shu-hsien Liu)\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8f83\u5c11\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u699c\u6837\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u80af\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> Sor-hoon Tan (2004)\uff0cConfucian Democracy:\u00a0 A Deweyan Reconstruction\u00a0 ( Albany:\u00a0 State University of New York Press).\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6d53\u7f29\u7684\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5f53\u590d\u6742\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u7ecf\u5e38\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201cbenevolence\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u5206\u6293\u4f4f\u5b83\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201chumanity\u201d,\u00a0 \u201chumaneness\u201d\uff0c\u201cauthoritative person\u201d\u3002\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u5b57\u65c1\u548c\u6570\u5b57\u201c\u4e8c\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u9610\u91ca\u4e3a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8054\u5408\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> Patricia Ebrey (1991)\uff0cConfucianism and Family Rituals in Imperial China\u00a0 (Princeton:\u00a0 Princeton University Press)\uff0cp. 7\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> Lu Xun.(1990)\uff0cDiary o f a Madman and other stories\uff0ctrans. William A. Lyell (Honolulu:\u00a0 University of Hawaii Press)\uff0cpp. 29-41;Sor-hoon Tan (2004)\uff0c&#8221;From Cannibalism to Empowerment;\u00a0 An Analects inspired Attempt to balance Community and Liberty,&#8221; Philosophy East and West54. 1:52-70\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> Isaiah Berlin (1958-1969)\uff0c&#8221;Two Concepts of Liberty,&#8221; in Four Essays on Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press)\uff0c118-72\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> John Dewey (1978)\uff0cThe Middle Works\uff0ced. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale:\u00a0 Southern Illinois University Press)\uff0c vol.5,\u00a0 p.395.\u5c3d\u7ba1\u675c\u5a01\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6301\u6279\u5224\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u660e\u663e\u5730\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u901a\u5e38\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u5ba3\u79f0\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> \u6211\u5c06\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u66ff\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f20\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5c3d\u529b\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u7fa4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u8ba4\u540c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> Daniel A. Bell (2006)\uff0cBeyond Liberal Democracy:Political Thinking for an East Asian Context\u00a0 (Princeton:\u00a0 Princeton University Press)\uff0cp. 152\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> John Stuart Mill (1950)\uff0cUtilitarianism\uff0cLiberty,\u00a0\u00a0 and Representative Government\u00a0 (New York:\u00a0 Dutton)\uff0cp. 323\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> \u65af\u8003\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u9f50((Skorupski)\u66fe\u7ecf\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u6210\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f0f\u6743\u5a01(\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u201c\u5f3a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81)\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u635f\u574f\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002John Skorupski (1992),\u00a0 &#8220;Liberal Elitism,&#8221; in David Milligan and William Watts Miller eds.\uff0cLiberalism,\u00a0 Citizenship,\u00a0 and Autonomy (Aldershot; Ashgate)\uff0c134-53\uff0c p. 136\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> Bell, Beyond Liberal Democracy\uff0cp. 185;\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ea\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u4ed6\u5728Philosophy East and West 59. 2\u4e2d\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u53e6\u89c1\u8d1d\u5c14\u8f83\u65e9\u524d\u63cf\u8ff0\u201c\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684(\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u7684)\u8fa9\u62a4\u201d\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0cDaniel A. Bell (1995), &#8220;Democracy in Confucian Societies; the Challenge of Justification,&#8221; in Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia\uff0ceds. Daniel A Bell et al. ( London:\u00a0 MacMillan)\uff0c17-40,\u00a0 p.36\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> Gongqin Xiao (2003),\u00a0 &#8220;The Rise of the Technocrats&#8221;\uff0c Journal of Democracy 14. 1\uff1a60-65, p. 65\u3002\u6211\u8d76\u7d27\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u8427\u5bf9\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6295\u673a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u4e0e\u675c\u5a01\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u548c\u6211\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> Bell,\u00a0 Beyond Liberal Democracy\uff0cp. 161\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> Nathan, &#8220;Resilient Authoritarianism,&#8221; p. 16.\u8427\u529f\u79e6(\u201c\u79d1\u6280\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u201d)\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5bf9\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u89c2\u5ff5\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u91cd\u89c6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u201c\u6280\u672f\u578b\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> John Dewey (1927\/1988)\uff0cThe Public and Its Problems\uff0cin John Dewey: the Later Works\uff0c1925-1953, ed. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale;\u00a0 Southern Illinois University Press)\uff0cvo1.2,\u00a0 pp.286-7\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">[42]<\/a> John Dewey (1939\/1988)\uff0c&#8221;Creative Democracy-The Task Before Us,&#8221; in John Dewey: the Later Works\uff0c1925-1953, ed. Jo Ann Boydston(Carbondale:\u00a0 Southern\u00a0 Illinois\u00a0 University\u00a0 Press)\uff0cvo1.14,\u00a0 p.228; cf.John Dewey, (1888\/1969)\uff0cEthics of Democracy\uff0cin John Dewey: the Early Works\uff0ced. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale; Southern Illinois University Press)\uff0cvol. 1\uff0c227-49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">[43]<\/a> \u8fd9\u5728\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u7684\u201c\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\uff0c\u7bc7\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u8457\u540d\u4e86\uff0cin Wing-tsit Chan (1963) &gt; A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy\u00a0 (Princeton:\u00a0 Princeton University Press)\uff0cp. 86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">[44]<\/a>\u5b54\u5b50\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u5fb7\u6027\u6a21\u8303\u800c\u5851\u9020\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5728\u5e38\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b2.3\u4e2d\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u3002\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1Tan,\u00a0 Confucian Democracy,\u00a0 chapter 4\u53e6\u89c1\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u5ef6\u7eed\u201d\uff0c\u89c1Joseph Chan (2004), &#8220;Exploring the Nonfamilial in Confucian Political Philosophy,&#8221; inThe Politics of Affective Relations:East Asia and Beyond\uff0ceds. Daniel A. Bell and Chaihark Hahm (Lanham;\u00a0 Lexington)\uff0c61-74,\u00a0 pp.62-65\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> Vilfredo Pareto(1986)\uff0cThe Governing Class in\u00a0 History (Albuquerque: American Classical College Press);Vilfredo Pareto(1968)\uff0cThe rise and\u00a0 fall of the elitesan application of theoretical sociology. introduction by Hans L. Zetterberg,\u00a0 (Totowa,\u00a0 N. J.: Bedminster Press)\uff0ctranslation ofUn applicazione di teorie sociologiche\uff0cpublished in Revista Italiana di sociologia,\u00a0 1901,\u00a0 pp. 402-456;\u00a0 Gaetano Mosca (1939)\uff0cThe Ruling Class (Elementi de scienze politica)\uff0ctranslated by Hannah D. Kahn,\u00a0 edited and revised,\u00a0 with an introduction,\u00a0 by Arthur Livingston (New York and London:\u00a0 McGraw-Hill);Robert Michels (1949)\uff0cPolitical parties; a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy, translated by Eden and\u00a0 Cedar Paul &lt; Glencoe:\u00a0 Free Press);C. Wright Mills(1956)\uff0cThe Power Elite (New York;\u00a0 Oxford University Press).\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u63cf\u753b\u4e3a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u89c1Sergei R. Belousov\u00a0 (1991) ,&#8221;Confucian Elitism;\u00a0 Interpretation of Tradition in the 20th Century,&#8221; in Confucianism and the Modernization of China\uff0ceds. Silke Krieger and Rolf Trauzettel (Mainz:\u00a0 Hase &amp;Verlag)\uff0c256-65\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> \u53e6\u89c1Chan,\u00a0 Joseph (2007) . Democracy and Meritocracy:\u00a0 Toward a Confucian Perspective. Journal of Chinese Philosophy34. 2:\u00a0 179-93. Chan\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8d5e\u540c\u50cf\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u201c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u5e94\u5f53\u4f9d\u636e\u529f\u7ee9\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u914d\u3002\u201d\u518d\u89c1A. T. Nuyen ( 2001) \uff0c&#8221;Confucianism and the Idea of Equality,&#8221; Asian Philosophy 11. 2; 61-71\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\">[47]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u8d1d\u5c14\u5bf9\u6211\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5efa\u8bae\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u56de\u5e94(&#8220;Beyond Elitism:\u00a0 a Community Ideal for Modern East Asia&#8221;)\u57282008\u5e748\u6708\u9996\u5c14\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u7b2c22\u5c4a\u4e16\u754c\u54f2\u5b66\u5927\u4f1a\u201c\u4f5c\u8005\u78b0\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u65f6\u201d\u5c0f\u7ec4\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u5c06\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e2d\u51fa\u7248\u201cBeyond Liberal Democracy? Debate on Democracy and Confucian Meritocracy&#8221;,\u00a0 inPhilosophy East and West ,\u00a0 vol. 59 &gt;\u00a0 no. 2\u00a0 &lt;Oct 2009).\u53e6\u89c1\u6211\u5373\u5c06\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8bc4\u8bbaBeyond Liberal DemocracyinChina Review Interttational\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u8d1d\u5c14\u4e3a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\">[48]<\/a> Berlin,\u00a0 Isaiah (1979)\uff0c&#8221;Equality,&#8221; inConcepts and Categories\uff0ced. Henry Hardy\u00a0 (New York;\u00a0 Viking)\uff0c81-102,\u00a0 p.90\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\">[49]<\/a> Young,\u00a0 Michael (1958)\uff0cThe Rise of the Meritocracy\uff0c1870\u4e002033. An Essay an Education and Equality (Baltimore:\u00a0 Penguin).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\">[50]<\/a> \u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c06\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u5e73\u8861\u5408\u7406\u7684\u504f\u7231\u548c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u65e0\u504f\u7231\u7684\u9700\u8981\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u504f\u7231\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u89c1Daniel A. Bell (2008), \u201cIs Liberal Theory of Justice Feasible? Critique of Liberal \u2018Public over Private\u2019 ideal\u201d\u3014\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u5417?\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201c\u516c\u4f18\u4e8e\u79c1\u201d\u7406\u60f3\u4e4b\u6279\u5224\u3015\uff0cin New Explorations of Public and Private Spheres;\u00a0 Comparison of East Asian and Western View Points [\u300a\u516c\u79c1\u9886\u57df\u65b0\u63a2:\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u89c2\u70b9\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f83\u300b]\uff0ceds. Huang Junjie and Jiang Yihua (Shanghai:\u00a0 Shanghai Normal University Press )\uff0c161-83(first published in 2005\u00a0 by National Taiwan University Press ).Joseph Chan (2004)\uff0c&#8221;Exploring the Non-familial in Confucian Political Philosophy\uff0c&#8221; inThe Politics of Affective Relations\uff0ceds. Hahm Chaihark and Daniel A. Bell\u00a0 (Lanham:\u00a0 Lexington)\uff0cchapter 3 ;\u00a0 Sor-hoon Tan (2002 )\uff0c&#8221;Between Family and State:\u00a0 Relational Tensions in Confucian Ethics,&#8221; in Mencius;\u00a0 Contexts and Interpretations\uff0ced. Alan K. L. Chars (Honolulu:\u00a0 University of Hawaii Press)\uff0cchapter 8.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\">[51]<\/a> \u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6cd5\u5bb6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u3002Tu Wei-ming &#8220;Probing the `Three Bonds&#8217; and `Five Relationships&#8217; in Confucian Humanism,&#8221; inConfucianismand the Family\uff0ceds. W. H. Slote and G. A. de Vos (Albany;\u00a0 State University of New York Press)\uff0cp. 128.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\">[52]<\/a> He Qinglian (1998),\u00a0 Pitfalls of Modernization\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9677\u9631\u300b\u3015(Beijing:\u00a0 China Today),\u00a0 p.134; Yang Fan (2000) ,\u00a0 China Moving Towards Choices\u3014((\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d70\u5411\u9009\u62e9))\u3015(Beijing: Shiyou gongye chubanshe), pp. 35-43)\u53e6\u89c1Qinglian He (2003) ,\u00a0 &#8220;A Volcanic Stability,&#8221; Journal of Democracyl4. 1: 66-72\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\">[53]<\/a> \u7b14\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\u5148\u524d\u7b14\u8005\u5c06\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u63cf\u8ff0\u6210\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u7b14\u8005\u4ee5\u524d\u5bf9\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0cTan,\u00a0 Confucian Democracy\uff0cpp. 105-8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\">[54]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cpp. 98-108\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\">[55]<\/a> Chan, Joseph (2001).\u201cMaking\u00a0\u00a0 Sense\u00a0\u00a0 of\u00a0\u00a0 Confucian\u00a0 Justice.\uff0c\uff0c Forum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 for\u00a0\u00a0 Intercultural Philosophy 3. http; \/\/them. polylog. org\/3\/fcj-en. htm,\u00a0 sections 2. 1 to 2. 3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> Joseph Chan (2009)\uff0c&#8221;Is there a Confucian Perspective on Social Justice,&#8221; inWestern Political Thought in Dialogue with Asia (Lanham;\u00a0 Lexington)\uff0cchapter 12,\u00a0 p. 271\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\">[57]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cp. 276\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\">[58]<\/a> \u5728\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b11. 17\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u65ad\u7edd\u4e86\u4e0e\u5189\u6709\u7684\u5e08\u5f92\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5189\u6709\u5e2e\u5b63\u6c0f\u641c\u522e\u201c\u805a\u655b\u201d\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u800c\u5b63\u6c0f\u672c\u8eab\u5df2\u7ecf\u6bd4\u5468\u516c\u90fd\u8981\u5bcc\u6709\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u6bd4\u4ee5\u7a77\u4eba\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684\u201c\u7ee7\u5bcc\u201d\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\">[59]<\/a> Mencius 6A17, Lau&#8217;s translation, pp. 169. See also Analects 4.5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\">[60]<\/a> John Knoblock (trans.)(1988\/1990\/1994)\uff0cXunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works\uff0c3 volumes (Stanford:\u00a0 Stanford University Press)\uff0cvol. II p. 74, p. 133\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\">[61]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cvol. I, p. 195, vol. II, p. 122. See also vol. II, pp.241-42, p.209\uff0cvo1.III,\u00a0 p.48,\u00a0 p.166\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\">[62]<\/a> \u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b6A16\u3002 \u6839\u636e\u5b5f\u5b50\uff0c\u201c\u4e50\u5584\u4e0d\u5026\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u8981\u6bd4\u7b49\u7ea7\u6216\u8d22\u5bcc\u66f4\u52a0\u559c\u7231(\u8fd9\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u629b\u5f03\u201c\u5929\u7235\u201d\u4e00\u4ec1\u3001\u4e49\u3001\u5fe0\u3001\u4fe1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u4eba\u7235\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u60d1\u4e4b\u751a\u8005\u4e5f\uff0c\u7ec8\u4ea6\u5fc5\u4ea1\u800c\u5df2\u77e3\u3002\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref63\" name=\"_ftn63\">[63]<\/a>\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b16.1.\u7531\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u4e00\u79cd\u5355\u8c03\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u7684\u201c\u516c\u5e73\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6027\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u5306\u5fd9\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8bf4\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref64\" name=\"_ftn64\">[64]<\/a> Knoblock&#8217;s translation, vol. II, p. 98\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref65\" name=\"_ftn65\">[65]<\/a>\u540c\u4e0a\uff0cpp. 162-63\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b \u9648\u7d20\u82ac\u8457\uff1b \u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66 \u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u7814\u7a76\u00b7\u7b2c\u56db\u8f91\u300b, \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u51fa\u7248&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/2018\/04\/23\/%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%98%af%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb\/\"><span>Read More<\/span><i>&#43;<\/i><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[38,52],"tags":[54,46,53,56,55],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=198"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":199,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198\/revisions\/199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}