{"id":203,"date":"2018-04-23T04:35:18","date_gmt":"2018-04-23T04:35:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/?p=203"},"modified":"2018-04-23T04:35:57","modified_gmt":"2018-04-23T04:35:57","slug":"%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e5%85%88%e7%a7%a6%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b3%e7%ad%89%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e4%bb%b7%e5%80%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/2018\/04\/23\/%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e5%85%88%e7%a7%a6%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b3%e7%ad%89%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e4%bb%b7%e5%80%bc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u9648\u7d20\u82ac\uff0c\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Tan-Soor-hon-e1502390406981.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-382\" src=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Tan-Soor-hon-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c<\/h3>\n<p>\u9648\u7d20\u82ac\u8457\uff1b<br \/>\n\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66<br \/>\n<strong>\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e<\/strong>\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u89c6\u91ce\u4e0b\u7684\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u300b, \u6881\u79c9\u8d4b\u4e0e\u674e\u6668\u9633\u4e3b\u7f16, \u5357\u6d0b\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\u5b54\u5b50\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u672f\u4e1b\u4e661\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u65e5\u671f2016\u15ba5\u6708<br \/>\n\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6743\u4e8e\u8fdb\u6b65\u5112\u5b66\u7f51<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u6682\u65e0<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c.pdf\">\u4e0b\u8f7dPDF\u7248\u672c<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u9605\u8bfb\u5168\u6587\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u9648\u7d20\u82ac<\/p>\n<p>\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u4e4b\u7406\u60f3\u793e\u4f1a\u5411\u6765\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u9636\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u60f3\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6b64\u4e43\u5112\u5bb6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e4b\u4e00\u5927\u7eca\u811a\u77f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u732e\u4e5f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u63d0\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u6216\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u53ef\u8d35\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u4e0d\u4e4f\u8ba8\u8bba\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5e73\u7b49\u6b64\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u8005\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u68b3\u7406\u5bf9\u8fd9\u8bfe\u9898\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u53ca\u53cd\u601d\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u529f\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u63d0\u8bae\u4ece\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u732e\u91cc\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6765\u91cd\u5efa\u73b0\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49\u89c2\u3002\u820d\u5f03\u4f20\u7edf\u897f\u65b9\u5e73\u7b49\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u6709\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u4f5c\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5411\u5e0c\u671b\u907f\u5f00\u524a\u8db3\u9002\u5c65\u3002\u6c42\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u5f53\u513f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ece\u5112\u5bb6\u89c6\u89d2\u63d0\u51fa\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u6838\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u7a76\u7adf\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u53ef\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u89c6\u5176\u4e3a\u4ef7\u503c\uff1f\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\uff0c\u5bb9\u7eb3\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\uff1f\u5728\u53f2\u534e\u6148 (Schwartz 1985, 68-71) \u773c\u91cc\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u201c\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u7b49\u7ea7\u5dee\u5f02\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u6743\u5a01\u5728\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u89c2\u70b9\u6700\u6709\u529b\u8bc1\u636e\u51fa\u81ea<u>\u8340\u5b50<\/u>\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5206\u5747\u5219\u4e0d\u504f\uff0c\u57f6\u9f50\u5219\u4e0d\u58f9\uff0c\u4f17\u9f50\u5219\u4e0d\u4f7f\u3002\u6709\u5929\u6709\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6709\u5dee\uff1b\u660e\u738b\u59cb\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u5904\u56fd\u6709\u5236\u3002\u592b\u4e24\u8d35\u4e4b\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e24\u8d31\u4e4b\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u4f7f\uff0c\u662f\u5929\u6570\u4e5f\u3002\u57f6\u4f4d\u9f50\uff0c\u800c\u6b32\u6076\u540c\uff0c\u7269\u4e0d\u80fd\u6fb9\u5219\u5fc5\u4e89\uff1b\u4e89\u5219\u5fc5\u4e71\uff0c\u4e71\u5219\u7a77\u77e3\u3002\u5148\u738b\u6076\u5176\u4e71\u4e5f\uff0c\u6545\u5236\u793c\u4e49\u4ee5\u5206\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6709\u8d2b\u5bcc\u8d35\u8d31\u4e4b\u7b49\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u76f8\u517c\u4e34\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u517b\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u672c\u4e5f\u3002\uff08\u738b\u5236\u7bc7\uff09<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u4ee3\u8868\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6d41\u601d\u60f3\u5168\u9762\u5426\u5b9a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u63d0\u9192\u638c\u6743\u8005\u2018\u4e0d\u60a3\u5be1\uff0c\u60a3\u4e0d\u5747\u2019(\u5b63\u6c0f16.1)\u3002\u8bba\u8bed\u867d\u7136\u63d0\u5021\u7a33\u56fa\u793e\u4f1a\u5dee\u5e8f\u7684\u793c (\u516b\u4f913.22)\uff0c\u4e14\u5fcc\u2018\u72af\u4e0a\u2019(\u5b66\u800c1.2)\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u540c\u65f6\u5f3a\u8c03\u793c\u5bf9\u4e0a\u7ea7\u7684\u7ea6\u675f (\u516b\u4f913.19)\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u793c\u5305\u542b\u53cc\u5411\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u8fb9\u5012\uff0c\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5404\u5b66\u8005 (Nuyen 2000, 68\uff1b Li 2012\uff0c 296-97) \u4e5f\u8be0\u91ca\u5112\u5bb6\u9009\u8d24\u4e3e\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u63a5\u53d7\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6301\u6709\u6279\u5224\u6001\u5ea6\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e4b\u5206\u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u6807\u51c6\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u963f\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5fb7\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u79f0\u5e73\u7b49(proportional equality) \u539f\u5219:\u2018\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u2019(treat equals equally, treat unequals unequally)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6301\u5112\u5bb6\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u770b\u6cd5\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u6700\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u732e\u662f<u>\u5b5f\u5b50<\/u> (Bloom 1998; Ching 1998)\u3002\u5176\u6027\u5584\u8bba\uff0c\u56db\u7aef\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ca\u2018\u4eba\u7686\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5c27\u821c\u2019\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u2018\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u2019(\u2018free and equal person\u2019) \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u8bba\u8bc1\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c42\u9762\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\u3002\u5e73\u7b49\u5f85\u9047\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5bf9\u5f85\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u5e73\u7b49 (moral equality) \uff0c\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u5e73\u7b49\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6839\u636e\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b5f\u5b50\u7684\u6027\u5584\uff0c\u56db\u7aef\u7b49\u8bba\u70b9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u8fbe\u5230\u540c\u6837\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5b5f\u65e6 (Munro 1969, 11-16, 49-83) \u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5929\u751f\u7684\u5e73\u7b49 (natural equality)\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0a\u5e73\u7b49 (evaluative equality)\u3002\u2018\u6027\u76f8\u8fd1\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e60\u76f8\u8fdc\u4e5f\u3002\u2019(\u9633\u8d2717.2) \u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u6ce8\u91cd\u56e0\u4e60\u800c\u5f02\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5dee\u7b49\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u517b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u800c\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6bd4\u5929\u751f\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6765\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u6216\u660e\u786e\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u8be0\u91ca\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8fdb\u884c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8f6c\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f53\u4eca\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u73b0\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u501f\u9274\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b66\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u91cd\u6784\u5112\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5bfb\u627e\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u674e\u6668\u9633 (Li 2012, 298) \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u57fa\u4e8e\u80af\u5b9a\u4eba\u7c7b\u9053\u5fb7\u6f5c\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u5e73\u7b49 (numerical equality) \u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b5f\u5b50\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c0a\u4e25\u6240\u5e94\u5f97\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u97e9\u88d4\u5b66\u8005\u8bb8\u5170\u73e0 (Herr 2010) \u627f\u8ba4\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u6240\u5360\u5730\u4f4d\u5e76\u4e0d\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5979\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5982\u8981\u6210\u5c31\u5112\u5bb6\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6f5c\u80fd\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed9\u4e88\u4eba\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u8fc7\u53bb\u5112\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5021\u5bfc\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4eba\u683c\u4ecd\u7136\u5e94\u8be5\u4eab\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c<\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u6df1\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u628a\u6bcf\u4e00\u6210\u5458\u5f53\u6210\u2018\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u2019\u7684\u793e\u4f1a (Rawls 1993, 3)\u3002\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u79f0\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u2018\u81f3\u4e0a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u2019(sovereign virtue)\uff1a\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u6c11\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\u662f\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3 (Dworkin 2000)\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u773c\u91cc\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u5bb9\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u5b9e\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff1a\u2018\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968\u2019\u7684\u666e\u9009\u6743\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7ed9\u4e88\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u529b\u51b3\u5b9a\u7531\u8c01\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u7406\u60f3\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5f53\u7136\u5f88\u96be\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5df4\u4f2f (Barber 2001, 25) \u5f62\u5bb9\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u2018\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u2019\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba9\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u51cc\u9a7e\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u575a\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5bf9\u6297\u538b\u8feb\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u6d1b\u514b\u5c31\u4ee5\u2018\u4eba\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e14\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u2019\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u540c\u610f\u8d4b\u4e88\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3b\u5f20\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u66ff\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u5236 (Locke 1698\/1960, 269)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u89c2\u662f\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\u6709\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5b9e\u9645\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6216\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5f3a\u8c03\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u2018\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u2019\u4e0d\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 (Rawls 1993, 3)\uff0c<a href=\"http:\/\/search.dangdang.com\/?key2=\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u4f26&amp;medium=01&amp;category_path=01.00.00.00.00.00\">\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u4f26<\/a> \u5374\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u540e\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u4eca\u65f6\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u4ecd\u9700\u8981\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u77f3 (Waldron 2002, 236)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u57fa\u7840\u4e5f\u9650\u5236\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u7b49\u89c2\u5728\u91cd\u6784\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u65f6\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002\u4ee5\u5176\u5bfb\u627e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bd5\u95ee\u4e3a\u4f55\u5e73\u7b49\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eba\u5411\u5f80\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4eba\u4eec\u6700\u6e34\u671b\u6c11\u4e3b\u6240\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\u56de\u987e\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4ee5\u81f3\u53cd\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6743\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u8ba9\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u88ab\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u5b9e\u51b5\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89e3\u653e\u7ecf\u5386\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u4ee5\u6b64\u79cd\u5171\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u501f\u9274\u897f\u65b9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6ce8\u91cd\u672c\u8eab\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u51b5\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u91cd\u6784\u73b0\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u88ab\u95ee\u8d77\u2018\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\u2019\u6216\u2018\u5e73\u7b49\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ef7\u503c\uff1f\u2019\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u663e\u793a\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u9020\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u5f0a\u75c5\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u51cf\u5c11\u6216\u94f2\u9664\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4fbf\u80fd\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u66f4\u7f8e\u597d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u66f4\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u62d2\u7edd\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5e73\u7b49\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u5185\u5728\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u5904\u4e8e\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e4b\u8d2b\u56f0\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u6216\u56e0\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u800c\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u5404\u4eba\u81ea\u7531 (Scanlon 2000)\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u793a\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8ba9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e1c\u897f\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u7edd\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d &#8212; \u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\uff1a\u8d62\u5f97\u6267\u653f\u6743\u7b49\u4e8e\u83b7\u5f97\u5728\u6307\u5bfc\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\u591a\u4e8e\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8981\u6c42\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u529b\u6765\u81ea\u516c\u5e73\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u8bf4\u670d\u6c11\u4f17\u8ba4\u53ef\u5b83\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u65f6\u5bf9\u6c11\u4f17\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u90fd\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u90fd\u53ef\u6076\u6216\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6216\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4f46\u7b26\u5408\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u916c\u52b3\u63d0\u5347\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5e76\u975e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7406\u60f3\u76ee\u7684\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u5fc5\u8981\u53ea\u9009\u5176\u4e00\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4fdd\u5b58\u6216\u589e\u52a0\u2018\u90a3\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\u2019\u53c8\u9664\u6389\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u2018\u90a3\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\u2019<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u732e\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u8340\u5b50\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u4ed6\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7275\u6d89\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u4ed6\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u533a\u5206\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u76ca\u4e0e\u65e0\u76ca\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d35\u8d31\u4e4b\u7b49\uff0c\u957f\u5e7c\u4e4b\u5dee\uff0c\u77e5\u611a\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u7686\u4f7f\u4eba\u8f7d\u5176\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u5404\u5f97\u5176\u5b9c\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u8c37\u7984\u591a\u5c11\u539a\u8584\u4e4b\u79f0\uff0c\u662f\u592b\u7fa4\u5c45\u548c\u4e00\u4e4b\u9053\u4e5f\u3002\uff08\u8363\u8fb1\u7bc7\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5408\u7406\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u624d\u53ef\u8fbe\u5230\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u738b\u516c\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u4e4b\u5b50\u5b59\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793c\u4e49\uff0c\u5219\u5f52\u4e4b\u5eb6\u4eba\u3002\u867d\u5eb6\u4eba\u4e4b\u5b50\u5b59\u4e5f\uff0c\u79ef\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u6b63\u8eab\u884c\uff0c\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793c\u4e49\uff0c\u5219\u5f52\u4e4b\u537f\u76f8\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u3002\uff08\u738b\u5236\u7bc7\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5374\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u707e\u5bb3\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8340\u5b50\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5206\u914d\u8d44\u6e90\u6216\u5956\u52b1\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u987e\u5168\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u6da8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65ad\u5b9a\u5b83\u662f\u4ea1\u56fd\u4e4b\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7b50\u7ba7\u5df2\u5bcc\uff0c\u5e9c\u5e93\u5df2\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u767e\u59d3\u8d2b\uff1a\u592b\u662f\u4e4b\u8c13\u4e0a\u6ea2\u800c\u4e0b\u6f0f\u3002\u5165\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b88\uff0c\u51fa\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6218\uff0c\u5219\u503e\u8986\u706d\u4ea1\u53ef\u7acb\u800c\u5f85\u4e5f\u3002\uff08\u738b\u5236\u7bc7\uff09<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5229\u76ca\u8d22\u5bcc\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u8340\u5b50\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u5b54\u5b5f\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u5b54\u5b50\u6bd4\u8340\u5b50\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u7684\u8d2a\u5a6a\uff0c\u8b66\u544a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u662f\u5229\u76ca\u8d22\u5bcc\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7978\u5bb3\u751a\u4e8e\u8d2b\u56f0\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2018\u4e0d\u60a3\u5be1\uff0c\u60a3\u4e0d\u5747\u2019 \uff08\u5b63\u6c0f16.1\uff09\u3002\u6709\u5fb7\u6709\u80fd\u8005\u5e94\u5c45\u4e0a\u4f4d\uff0c\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6743\u52bf\u725f\u53d6\u79c1\u5229\u3002\u5f53\u54c0\u516c\u57cb\u6028\u7a0e\u6536\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u82e5\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u2018\u767e\u59d3\u8db3\uff0c\u541b\u5b70\u4e0e\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1f\u767e\u59d3\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u541b\u5b70\u4e0e\u8db3\uff1f\u2019\uff08\u989c\u6e0a\u7bc712.9\uff09\u5b54\u5b50\u4e0d\u6ee1\u5189\u6709\u7ed9\u516c\u897f\u534e\u6bcd\u4eb2\u516b\u5341\u77f3\u7684\u5c0f\u7c73\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u51fa\u4f7f\u9f50\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u897f\u534e\u624d\u5fb7\u6216\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u73b0\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6709\u2018\u4e58\u80a5\u9a6c\uff0c\u8863\u8f7b\u88d8\u2019\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4ed6\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4ed6\u4eba\u6551\u6d4e\u3002\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u2018\u541b\u5b50\u5468\u6025\u4e0d\u7ee7\u5bcc\u2019\u3002\uff08\u96cd\u4e5f\u7bc76.4\uff09<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5b5f\u5b50\u63d0\u5021\u6c11\u8d35\u541b\u8f7b\u7684\u6c11\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u8d23\u5f53\u65f6\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u8d2a\u5a6a\u548c\u81ea\u79c1\u7ed9\u4eba\u6c11\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u63aa\u8bcd\u4e25\u5389\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5e96\u6709\u80a5\u8089\uff0c\u53a9\u6709\u80a5\u9a6c\uff0c\u6c11\u6709\u9965\u8272\uff0c\u91ce\u6709\u997f\u83a9\uff0c\u6b64\u7387\u517d\u800c\u98df\u4eba\u4e5f\u3002\u517d\u76f8\u98df\uff0c\u4e14\u4eba\u6076\u4e4b\uff1b\u4e3a\u6c11\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u4e8e\u7387\u517d\u800c\u98df\u4eba\u3002\u6076\u5728\u5176\u4e3a\u6c11\u7236\u6bcd\u4e5f\uff1f\uff08\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u7ae0\u53e5\u4e0a\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5b5f\u5b50\u5f3a\u8c03\u6cbb\u56fd\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u540c\u7518\u5171\u82e6\uff0c\u2018\u4e0e\u767e\u59d3\u540c\u4e50\uff0c\u5219\u738b\u77e3\u3002\u2019 \uff08\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u7ae0\u53e5\u4e0b\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u7279\u522b\u7167\u987e\u6700\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6614\u8005\u6587\u738b\u4e4b\u6cbb\u5c90\u4e5f\uff0c\u8015\u8005\u4e5d\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed5\u8005\u4e16\u7984\uff0c\u5173\u5e02\u8ba5\u800c\u4e0d\u5f81\uff0c\u6cfd\u6881\u65e0\u7981\uff0c\u7f6a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b65\u3002\u8001\u800c\u65e0\u59bb\u66f0\u9ccf\uff0c\u8001\u800c\u65e0\u592b\u66f0\u5be1\uff0c\u8001\u800c\u65e0\u5b50\u66f0\u72ec\uff0c\u5e7c\u800c\u65e0\u7236\u66f0\u5b64\u3002\u6b64\u56db\u8005\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u7a77\u6c11\u800c\u65e0\u544a\u8005\u3002\u6587\u738b\u53d1\u653f\u65bd\u4ec1\uff0c\u5fc5\u5148\u65af\u56db\u8005\u3002\u8bd7\u4e91\uff0c\u300e\u54ff\u77e3\u5bcc\u4eba\uff0c\u54c0\u6b64\u8315\u72ec\u3002\u300f\uff08\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u7ae0\u53e5\u4e0b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5b5f\u5b50\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ea\u8981\u613f\u610f\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u5206\u4eab\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u81ea\u8ba4\u8d2a\u8d22\u597d\u8272\u5982\u9f50\u5ba3\u738b\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u884c\u738b\u9053\u3002\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u2018\u5df1\u6240\u4e0d\u6b32\uff0c\u52ff\u65bd\u4e8e\u4eba\u2019\uff08\u989c\u6e0a\u7bc712.2\uff1b\u536b\u7075\u516c\u7bc715.24\uff09\uff0c\u2018\u5df1\u6b32\u7acb\u800c\u7acb\u4eba\uff0c\u5df1\u6b32\u8fbe\u800c\u8fbe\u4eba\u2019\uff08\u96cd\u4e5f\u7bc76.30\uff09\u7684\u4ec1\u9053\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u6070\u597d\u5951\u5408\u88ab\u5185\u683c\u5c14 (Nagel 1979) \u6307\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u6700\u666e\u904d\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u2018\u91d1\u89c4\u2019(Golden Rule) \u5f0f\u9053\u5fb7\u63a8\u7406\uff1a\u8bbe\u8eab\u5904\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u770b\u5f85\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u5178\u7c4d\u4e2d\u6240\u6279\u5224\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6279\u5224\u51fa\u81ea\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u4e0b\u8d2b\u56f0\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u5112\u5bb6\u4ec1\u653f\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5f20\u5fb7\u653f\uff0c\u9009\u8d24\u4e3e\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u4e0e\u80fd\u90fd\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5b9e\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5206\u914d\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u5e94\u5f53\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u2018\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968\u2019\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u542f\u53d1\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u53ef\u5426\uff0c\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u63a5\u7eb3\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5e76\u65e0\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u91cd\u89c6\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u4e3a\u7126\u70b9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\u6bcf\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u2018\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u7ef4\u62a4\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5206\u914d\u6b63\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u77db\u76fe\u2019 \uff08Post 2006, 24\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u542f\u8499\u65f6\u671f\u4fbf\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f11\u8c1f\u5c31\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u90fd\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5e76\u7ef4\u6301\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u2018\u6700\u82db\u523b\u7684\u903c\u95ee\uff0c\u6700\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\u2019\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5730\u2018\u6ca6\u4e3a\u66b4\u653f\u2019(Hume 1777\/1975, 194)\u3002\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0b\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u540e\u679c\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u6240\u987b\u8981\u7684\u2018\u5dee\u522b\u6027\u5f3a\u8feb\u2019(Hayek 1960, 87)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u4e4f\u7ef4\u62a4\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u8005\u3002\u8d39\u5229\u666e\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9700\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7f3a\u4e00\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u80fd\u529b\u843d\u5dee\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u8981\u89c6\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u6c11\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u7684\u540c\u80de\u5c06\u5f88\u56f0\u96be (Phillips 1979, 15)\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u5229\u662f\u5426\u5f97\u5230\u540c\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u5206\u914d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0b\u662f\u5426\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u5c06\u4f7f\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\uff0c\u5c3d\u529b\u4fdd\u62a4\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u52a8\u6447\u6c11\u4e3b\u5408\u6cd5\u6027 (Dworkin 2000, 18)\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u516d\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c31\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\u6536\u5165\u7684\u5206\u914d\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e (Verba, Nie and Kim 1978) \u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u82e5\u5141\u8bb8\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u7ade\u9009\u5f00\u9500\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d5e\u52a9\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u82e5\u5305\u62ec\u5229\u76ca\u56e2\u4f53\u52a8\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90\u6e38\u8bf4\u6c11\u610f\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u90a3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u5206\u914d\u80af\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u4ece\u800c\u63a8\u8bba\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5b9e\u73b0\u9700\u8981\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u5411\u7684\u3002\u51cf\u4f4e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u4e5f\u66fe\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u5904\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0b\u5c42\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u8fd0\u7528\u8d62\u5f97\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u8fdb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7f29\u5c0f\u8d2b\u5bcc\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u4e5f\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u3002\u968f\u7740\u8d2b\u56f0\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u5230\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u4eba\u9053\u5173\u6000\u800c\u6279\u5224\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u8ddf\u7740\u51cf\u5f31\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u8fc7\u5ea6\u53ca\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u5730\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u727a\u7272\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u6709\u635f\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u9020\u6027\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u548c\u7e41\u8363\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u6000\u7591\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u662f\u2018\u5f80\u4e0b\u62c9\u5e73\u2019(leveling down)\uff0c\u635f\u4eba\u53c8\u4e0d\u5229\u5df1\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u798f\u5229\u5236\u5ea6\u6d6e\u73b0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5f0a\u7aef\u4e5f\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4ece\u6536\u5165\u548c\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u5e94\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8ffd\u6c42\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u5bb3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u89c6\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u4e0d\u884c\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7275\u5236\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6295\u5165\u5168\u7403\u5316\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u540e\uff0c\u90fd\u9762\u4e34\u65e5\u8d8b\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u826f\u6027\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u5982\u4eca\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u91cd\u6574\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u91cd\u5efa\u73b0\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49\u89c2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u6279\u8bc4\u5bfc\u81f4\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u751f\u6d3b\u56f0\u82e6\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6e90\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\u8ba9\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\u5265\u524a\u6b3a\u538b\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0d\u53ea\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u6709\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e5f\u5e38\u89c1\u3002\u800c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\u4e5f\u53ef\u6536\u4e70\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u95f4\u7684\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\u4ecd\u7ea0\u7f20\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u53d1\u5c55\u867d\u7136\u5728\u94f2\u9664\u8d2b\u56f0\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u5747\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u5728\u52a0\u5267\u3002\u6ce8\u91cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u501f\u9274\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u521d\u671f\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u8ba9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4eab\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u7167\u987e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5c06\u80fd\u51cf\u4f4e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u4e0e\u4eba\u9053\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bba\u8bc1\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u63a5\u53d7\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u653e\u5f03\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5fb7\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u8bad\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5723\u8d24\u4e0d\u6613\u6c42\uff1b\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u541b\u5b50\u4e5f\u96be\u5f97\u4e00\u89c1\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5f0a\u75c5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u65e0\u987b\u7167\u642c\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u636e\u5b9e\u51b5\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u9002\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u56fd\u60c5\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u5b58\u5112\u5bb6\u5fb7\u6cbb\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u5148\u4e4b\u5b97\u65e8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u597d\u597d\u5730\u7167\u987e\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\uff0c\u529e\u4e8b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u64cd\u5b88\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u635f\u5bb3\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u7ea6\u675f\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u5112\u5bb6\u9009\u8d24\u4e3e\u80fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6548\u679c\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u8be0\u91ca\u9009\u8d24\u4e3e\u80fd\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u8c0b\u6c42\u6700\u4f73\u798f\u5229\u800c\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u91cd\u8e48\u8986\u8f99\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5112\u5bb6\u5fb7\u6cbb\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u6240\u542f\u53d1\u3002\u540e\u8005\u8ffd\u6c42\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u5f80\u5f80\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u770b\u6210\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u5728\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u6210\u5168\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u51cf\u4f4e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u5b9e\u884c\u4ec1\u653f\uff0c\u7167\u987e\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6700\u4f4e\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u624d\u662f\u597d\u653f\u5e9c\uff1f\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6c11\u7a76\u7adf\u6e34\u671b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u505a\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4f5c\u4f55\u53d6\u820d\uff1f\u4e09\u9910\u6e29\u9971\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u53c8\u8be5\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u548c\u6b32\u671b\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\uff1f\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u2018\u5bcc\u4e4b\u3002\u3002\u3002\u6559\u4e4b\u2019(\u5b50\u8def\u7bc713.9)\u548c\u5b5f\u5b50\u7684\u2018\u65e0\u6052\u4ea7\uff0c\u65e0\u6052\u5fc3\u2019\u7686\u5f3a\u8c03\u653f\u5e9c\u7167\u987e\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u987b\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fee\u8eab\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u6210\u957f\u8bbe\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u660e\u541b\u5236\u6c11\u4e4b\u4ea7\uff0c\u5fc5\u4f7f\u4ef0\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e8b\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u4fef\u8db3\u4ee5\u755c\u59bb\u5b50\uff0c\u4e50\u5c81\u7ec8\u8eab\u9971\uff0c\u51f6\u5e74\u514d\u4e8e\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u9a71\u800c\u4e4b\u5584\uff0c\u6545\u6c11\u4e4b\u4ece\u4e4b\u4e5f\u8f7b\u3002\uff08\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u7ae0\u53e5\u4e0a\uff09<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u500d\u589e\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u6c11\u539f\u5148\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u70ed\u5ff1\u9510\u51cf (Rutland 2013)\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u4e0d\u628a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f53\u4f5c\u7ec8\u6781\u4ef7\u503c\u6216\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u5185\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u6210\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e0e\u671f\u5f85\u8fd8\u662f\u56de\u5f52\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u8fdb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u8ba4\u6e05\u8fd9\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u5c31\u5fc5\u4fee\u6446\u8131\u6c89\u6eba\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u6c11\u751f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5e94\u66f4\u91cd\u89c6\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u4e5f\u597d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u4e5f\u597d\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u80fd\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u89e3\u51b3\u90a3\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u53d6\u81ea\u4f5c\u8005\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c06\u520a\u767b\u5728<em>Philosophy East and West<\/em> (Apr 2016), \u4e5f\u5c06\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u518d\u520a\u767b\u4e8e\u676d\u5dde\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>\u53c2\u8003\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Barber, Benjamin. 2001. \u201cAn Aristocracy of Everyone.\u201d In Stephen John Goodlad, ed., <em>The Last Best Hope: a Democracy Reader. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Bloom, Irene. 1998. \u201cFundamental Institutions and Consensus Statements: Mencian Confucianism and Human Rights.\u201d In Wm Theodore de Bary and Tu Wei-ming, eds., <em>Confucianism and Human Rights<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Ching, Julia. 1998. \u201cHuman Rights \u2013 a Valid Chinese Concept?\u201d In Wm Theodore de Bary and Tu Wei-ming, eds., <em>Confucianism and Human Rights<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Dworkin, Ronald. 2000. <em>Sovereign Virtue: the Theory and Practice of Equality<\/em>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Hayek, Friedrich A. 1960. <em>The Constitution of Liberty<\/em>. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul.<\/p>\n<p>Herr, Ranjoo Seodu. 2010. \u201cConfucian Democracy and Equality.\u201d <em>Asian Philosophy<\/em> 20.3.<\/p>\n<p>Hume, David. 1777\/1975. <em>Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals<\/em>. Oxford Clarendon Press.<\/p>\n<p>Li, Chenyang. 2012. \u201cEquality and Inequality in Confucianism.\u201d <em>Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy<\/em> 11.3.<\/p>\n<p>Locke, John 1698\/1960. <em>Two Treatises of Government<\/em>. Peter Laslett, ed. Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Munro, Donald. 1969. <em>The Concept of Man in Early China<\/em>. Stanford: Stanford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Nagel, Thomas. 1979. \u201cEquality.\u201d In <em>Mortal Questions<\/em>. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Nuyen, A.T. 2000. \u201cConfucianism and the Idea of Equality.\u201d <em>Asian Philosophy<\/em> 11.2.<\/p>\n<p>Phillips, Anne. 1999. <em>Which Equalities Matter?<\/em> Cambridge: Polity.<\/p>\n<p>Post, Robert. 2006. \u201cDemocracy and Equality.\u201d Special issue on \u201cLaw, Society, and Democracy: Comparative Perspectives.\u201d <em>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science<\/em> 603.<\/p>\n<p>Rawls, John. 1993. <em>Political Liberalism<\/em>. Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Rutland, Peter. 2013. \u201cNeoliberalism in Russia.\u201d <em>Review of International Political Economy<\/em> 20.2.<\/p>\n<p>Scanlon, Thomas. \u201cThe Diversity of Objections to Inequality.\u201d In Matthew Clayton and Andrew Williams, eds., <em>The Ideal of Equality<\/em>. Basingstoke: Macmillan.<\/p>\n<p>Schwartz, Benjamin. 1985. <em>The World of Thought in Ancient China<\/em>. Cambridge: Belknap, Harvard University of Press.<\/p>\n<p>Verba, Sidney, Norman H. Nie, and Jae-on Kim. 1978. <em>Participation and Equality: A Seven Nations Comparison<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Waldron, Jeremy. 2002. <em>God, Locke, and Equality<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c \u9648\u7d20\u82ac\u8457\uff1b \u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66 \u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u89c6\u91ce\u4e0b\u7684\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u300b, \u6881\u79c9\u8d4b\u4e0e\u674e\u6668\u9633\u4e3b\u7f16, &#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/2018\/04\/23\/%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e5%85%88%e7%a7%a6%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b3%e7%ad%89%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e4%bb%b7%e5%80%bc\/\"><span>Read More<\/span><i>&#43;<\/i><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[38,52],"tags":[65,46,53,63,56,64],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/203"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=203"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":204,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/203\/revisions\/204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}