{"id":197,"date":"2018-04-23T04:28:57","date_gmt":"2018-04-23T04:28:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/?p=197"},"modified":"2018-04-23T04:28:57","modified_gmt":"2018-04-23T04:28:57","slug":"%e6%b2%88%e7%be%8e%e5%8d%8e%ef%bc%8c%e4%ba%ba%e6%9d%83%e4%b8%8e%e5%84%92%e5%ad%a6%e8%bf%9b%e8%b7%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/2018\/04\/23\/%e6%b2%88%e7%be%8e%e5%8d%8e%ef%bc%8c%e4%ba%ba%e6%9d%83%e4%b8%8e%e5%84%92%e5%ad%a6%e8%bf%9b%e8%b7%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6c88\u7f8e\u534e\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u5112\u5b66\u8fdb\u8def"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-825\" src=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/May-Sim_preview-1-150x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/>\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u5112\u5b66\u8fdb\u8def<\/h3>\n<p>\u6c88\u7f8e\u534e\u8457\uff1b\u6881\u6d9b\u8bd1<br \/>\n\u5723\u5341\u5b57\u5b66\u9662<br \/>\n<strong>\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e<\/strong>\u6881\u6d9b\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\uff1a\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u89c6\u57df\u4e0b\u7684\u5112\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u300b,\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u7b2c139-156\u9875\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u53d1\u8868\u4e8eHistory of Philosophy Quarterly, Volume 21, Number 4, (October 2004), pp. 337-356.<br \/>\n\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6743\u4e8e\u8fdb\u6b65\u5112\u5b66\u7f51<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u6682\u65e0<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\uff08A.I.Melden\uff09<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/\u6c88\u7f8e\u534e\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u8fdb\u8def.pdf\">\u4e0b\u8f7dPDF\u7248\u672c<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u9605\u8bfb\u5168\u6587\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u5112\u5b66\u8fdb\u8def<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6c88\u7f8e\u534e<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u5723\u5341\u5b57\u5b66\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb\u6559\u6388<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u4e3b\u5f20\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u503e\u5411\u539f\u5b50\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff08views of self\uff09\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u5f02\u8d28\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u7fa4\u9996\u8981\u6027\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[\u2460]<\/a>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u9648\u7956\u4e3a\uff08Joseph Chan\uff09\u4ece\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u91cd\u6784\u4e86\u4eba\u6743\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[\u2461]<\/a>\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u9648\u6c0f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u6697\u542b\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e24\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[\u2462]<\/a>\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u8005\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u4eba\u6743\u8131\u79bb\u542f\u8499\u8fd0<strong>\u52a8<\/strong>\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u6613\u88ab\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[\u2463]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u9082\u9005\u5728\u5173\u952e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u50f5\u5c40\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u5728\u4e8e\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u957f\u671f\u6d78\u6da6\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u9075\u4ece\u548c\u793c\u4eea\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5374\u76c8\u6ea2\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u6781\u4e3a\u76f8\u5de6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u663e\u5f97\u4eea\u5f0f\u5316\u548c\u5bb6\u957f\u5236\uff0c\u4f7f\u9053\u5fb7\u6210\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3e\u6b62\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5219\u6210\u4e86\u5b97\u6cd5\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u89d2\u8272\u626e\u6f14\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u5bf9\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u9882\u626c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5938\u5f20\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u6270\u4e71\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u601d\u7ef4\u7f1c\u5bc6\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f88\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u793c\u4eea\u548c\u5b97\u6cd5\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e24\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u8303\u7574\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u6743\u5229\u89c2\u5bf9\u4e1c\u65b9\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u6765\u8bb2\u7684\u786e\u964c\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u70b9\uff1b\u8fd9\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u6210\u4e3a\u751f\u786c\u62d2\u7edd\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7406\u7531\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6743\u5229\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u62b5\u5236\u897f\u65b9\u97f3\u4e50\u6216\u7535\u5f71\u90a3\u6837\u8f7b\u800c\u6613\u4e3e\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e9a\u6d32\u6c11\u4f17\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u63a5\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\uff09\u800c\u6392\u65a5\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u62d2\u7edd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u6839\u57fa\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u5408\u7406\u5316\u6743\u5229\u3002\u963b\u788d\u6743\u5229\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u9996\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u6743\u5229\u89c2\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e2a\u4f53\u53ca\u8be5\u4e2a\u4f53\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u504f\u597d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u59a8\u788d\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u7b49\u81ea\u7531\u2014\u2014\u4e4b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u964c\u751f\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u5c06\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u907f\u514d\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u91cd\u6784\u5b83\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u66f4\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u63cf\u8ff0\u6743\u5229\u5e76\u4e0d\u56f0\u96be\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u503c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[\u2464]<\/a>\u4e5f\u8bb8\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e8e\u67d0\u4f4d\u897f\u65b9\u6743\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u975e\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5360\u6709\u6027\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u63a5\u7eb3\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\uff08A.I.Melden\uff09\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u76f8\u5bb9<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[\u2465]<\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5173\u8054\u6027\uff08non-relative\uff09\u7684\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff08Wittgenstein\uff09\u800c\u975e\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u90a3\u91cc\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u89c2\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u89c2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6743\u5229\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6765\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\u5173\u7cfb\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u5e76\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6743\u57fa\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u56fa\u6709\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u53ef\u56e0\u6b64\u4eab\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u6743\u5229\uff0825\u9875\uff09\u3002\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u5982\u6b64\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3b\u4f53\uff08moral 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name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u5b54\u5b50\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u89c2\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6bd4\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4ed6\u7ecf\u5e38\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u5bf9\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u540d\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u78b0\u5de7\u5904\u5728\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e94\u8be5\u5f97\u5230\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u5c65\u884c\u5bf9\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0a\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u574f\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u8650\u5f85\u5b50\u5973\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4e5f\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7236\u6bcd\u5e94\u8be5\u5173\u7231\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u800c\u5b50\u5973\u5e94\u8be5\u5c0a\u91cd\uff08\u610f\u601d\u662f\u670d\u4ece\u3001\u9075\u4ece\uff09\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u3002\u7236\u6bcd\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u5173\u7231\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u8ba8\u538c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u800c\u5b50\u5973\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u540e\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u597d\u7236\u6bcd\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8bba\u600e\u6837\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u90fd\u8d5e\u540c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5e76\u975e\u9075\u4ece\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e61\u613f\uff0c\u5fb7\u4e4b\u8d3c\u4e5f\u201d\uff08\u300a\u9633\u8d27\u300b13\u8282\uff09\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9075\u4ece\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6000\u7591\u3002\u4e61\u613f\u6307\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u575a\u5b88\u6240\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u4f46\u5185\u5fc3\u5374\u9053\u5fb7\u8d25\u574f\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u4ed6\u6309\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u505a\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7559\u4e0b\u597d\u5370\u8c61\u6216\u662f\u907f\u514d\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f8e\u5fb7\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u53cd\u590d\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5168\u8eab\u5fc3\u6295\u5165\u53bb\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e00\u9879\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u793c\u4eea\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u56de\u8d60\u884c\u4e3a\u8fd8\u662f\u796d\u7940\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u300a\u9633\u8d27\u300b11\u8282,\u300a\u516b\u4f7e\u300b12\u8282\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b5d\u987a\u7236\u6bcd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u7167\u987e\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u80fd\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff08\u300a\u4e3a\u653f\u300b7\u8282,\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u4e3a\u653f\u300b8\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u989c\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u884c\u4e3a\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba<strong>\u5982\u4f55<\/strong>\u5b9e\u65bd\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u771f\u8bda\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u5173\u952e\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u771f\u8bda\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u9075\u4ece\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u89c4\u5219\u4ec5\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b9e\u73b0\u884c\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u7528\u6307\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u9002\u5b9c\u4e4b\u4e8b\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff08\u4e49\uff09\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u541b\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e8e\u5929\u4e0b\u4e5f\uff0c\u65e0\u9002\u4e5f\uff0c\u65e0\u83ab\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e0e\u6bd4\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u91cc\u4ec1\u300b10\u300116\u8282,\u300a\u516c\u51b6\u957f\u300b18\u8282\uff09\u4e49\uff08\u9002\u5b9c\uff09\u4e4b\u4e8e\u5b54\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e4b\u548c\u8c10\u3001\u7ed9\u4e88\u90a3\u4e9b\u8eab\u5904\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u7231\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u73af\u5883\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b54\u5b50\u548c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65e0\u6cd5\u7b80\u7ea6\u4e3a\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u5bdf\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u547c\u5401\u5927\u5bb6\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\uff1b\u5b54\u5b50\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u9760\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5584\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u8d25\u574f\u7684\u201d\u3002\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u5c0a\u91cd\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u5c65\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u8005\u5b9e\u65bd\u6216\u662f\u907f\u514d\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8c08\u8bba\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u5c31\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u6743\u5229\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u6216\u5047\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5584\uff08137\u9875\uff09\u3002\u5982\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u679c\u6743\u5229\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u9053\u5fb7\u4fb5\u5bb3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5c65\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u8005\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u56e0\u6ca1\u6709\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u800c\u611f\u5230\u6094\u6068\u6216\u5185\u759a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u98a0\u8986\u6743\u5229\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0856\uff5e57\u9875,137\u9875\uff09\u3002\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u5c65\u884c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u6743\u5229\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5584\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8ffd\u6c42\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5584\u7684\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u81f3\u5c11\u7ed3\u5408\u5f7c\u6b64\u751f\u547d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5173\u5fc3\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5e76\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u51cf\u8f7b\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u5584\u7684\u8bdd\u2026\u2026\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u201d\uff08145\u9875\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u5584\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e2d\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u65ad\u8a00\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u8981\u6c42\u4ec1\u6148\u6216\u4e00\u79cd\u5584\u610f\uff08sense of goodwill\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5979\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u4fb5\u72af\u5979\u7684\u6743\u5229\u65f6\u611f\u5230\u6094\u6068\uff08145\u9875\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u5728\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u8bba\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0e\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u719f\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5426\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u7231\u610f\u548c\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5ffd\u89c6\u5bf9\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u5e76\u5728\u4ea4\u5f80\u4e2d\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5bf9\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u5fc3\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u5173\u5fc3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u201d\uff08156\u9875\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5b54\u5b50\u4f1a\u5c06\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u5173\u4e8e\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u5584\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u8054\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u518d\u5f80\u524d\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e24\u6b65\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u66f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e4b\u5584\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u628a\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u8d25\u574f\u7684\u201d\u5229\u76ca\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u9762\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u76f8\u4fe1\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u611f\u5f80\u5f80\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba\u505a\u51fa\u597d\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u503c\u5f97\u8d5e\u626c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u800c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bdd\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u5584\u5173\u7cfb\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e4b\u5584\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5584\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u81ea\u5df1\u53ca\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u826f\u597d\u7684\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5112\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u9053\u5fb7\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8f74\u5fc3\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a><strong>\u4ec1<\/strong>\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u54c1\u8d28\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u628a\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u57f9\u80b2\u7684\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u53bb\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u8bf4<strong>\u4ec1\u5fb7<\/strong>\u4e4b\u4eba\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u4e4b\u5584\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6811\u7acb\u5e76\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u5584\uff08\u300a\u96cd\u4e5f\u300b30\u8282\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u54c1\u8d28\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4ee5\u53ca\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u54c1\u8d28\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5c65\u884c\u90a3\u4e00\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c<strong>\u4ec1<\/strong>\u662f\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u5e76\u5bf9\u4e4b\u5c65\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u76f8\u5e94\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u5c65\u884c\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u9053\uff08\u4ec1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u4f1a\u6bd4\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u66f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u5584\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u95ee\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u627f\u8ba4\u666e\u904d\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1f<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u63e1\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4eba\u6743\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u7684\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6e21\u548c\u5e9f\u9664\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba9\u6e21\u7684\uff08167\u9875\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u88ab\u8ba9\u6e21\u6216\u4fb5\u5bb3\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ffd\u6c42\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u6216\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u906d\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u6709\u6548\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u8ffd\u6c42\u4efb\u4f55\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u5e38\u5730\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8bf4\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4fb5\u72af\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u2026\u2026\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u62e5\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u6743\u5229\u3001\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e49\u52a1\u611f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u66f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u8054\u7cfb\u201d\uff08175\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6309\u7167\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u8054\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u65e6\u906d\u53d7\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u6216\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6240\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u673a\u6784\u6027\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u6743\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u51ed\u4eba\u4e4b\u8d44\u683c\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u5219\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08179\u9875\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4eab\u6709\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u540e\u679c\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\u53ca\u8ffd\u6c42\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5c24\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u662f\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u7acb\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u4e4b\u4eab\u6709\uff08180\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5112\u58eb\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u6bd4\u7279\u6b8a\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u89d2\u8272\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u66f4\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u5417\uff1f<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u4e3a\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u8981\u6027\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff1a\u9274\u4e8e\uff081\uff09\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff082\uff09\u5728\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u5584\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5112\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u8bba\u4f55\u65f6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u201d\u6743\u5229\u6216\u8005\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u5584\u5c31\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5584\u4ee5\u53ca\u57f9\u80b2\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff083\uff09\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u201d\u6743\u5229\u6216\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5f20\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u57f9\u517b<strong>\u4ec1<\/strong>\u5fb7\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e92\u76f8\u7275\u8fde\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eba\u57f9\u517b\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ec1\u5fb7\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e49\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u5bf9\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5112\u8005\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4eba\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8d5e\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5112\u5bb6\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u76f8\u5dee\u4e0d\u8fdc\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u8fdb\u8def\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u76f8\u8fde\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u4e4b\u5584\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8ba9\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u5947\u602a\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u6765\u81ea\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u6765\u81ea\u5584\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u3002\u4e0e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u76f8\u4fe1\u8ffd\u6c42\u4efb\u4f55\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u201c\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u201d\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff08\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u4e0d\u5e72\u6d89\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5584\uff0c\u800c\u5b54\u5b50\u5728\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u5584\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0b\u5112\u5bb6\u8fdb\u8def\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u786e\u53ea\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u63d0\u5347\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u63d0\u5347\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5efa\u7acb\u826f\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f9d\u636e\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u8fdb\u8def\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u7565\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5e94\u5f53\u7f6e\u5b83\u4eec\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5c06\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6743\u5229\u770b\u505a\u662f\u7f8e\u5fb7\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8fdb\u8def\uff0c\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6216\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u663e\u5f97\u72ed\u9698\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u5305\u62ec\u5f88\u591a\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u57f9\u80b2\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u662f\u57f9\u80b2\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6743\u5229\u8fdb\u8def\u4f1a\u6bd4\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u5951\u7ea6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u8def\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u82db\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bbe\u5b9a\u8bf8\u5982\u6392\u65a5\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u7c7b\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6279\u8bc4\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5047\u5b9a\u9886\u5bfc\u662f\u5177\u6709\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u6765\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u6743\u5229\u8fdb\u8def\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6392\u65a5\u81ea\u7531\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u9700\u8981\u8054\u7cfb\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u793e\u7fa4\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u53d7\u5546\u4e1a\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u673a\u6784\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdb\u8def\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u63a8\u8bba\u51fa\u8981\u6c42\u62e5\u6709\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u5229<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5112\u8005\u4f1a\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5177\u6709\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57f9\u517b\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u5c1a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u4e16\u88ad\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u5236\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u76d1\u7763\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5e76\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u4ec5\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5584\u3002\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5bf9\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e3a\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u9884\u7559\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u8a00\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u4f18\u5148\u6743\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u592a\u591a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u73a9\u806a\u660e\u7684\u667a\u529b\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u914d\u7f6e\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6309\u7167\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u4fb5\u72af\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff08250\u9875\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u5728\u901a\u5411\u5112\u5bb6\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u53ea\u8d70\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u534a\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u6210\u957f\u3001\u5e76\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u6743\u5229\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u4e4b\u4e88\u4ee5\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u6ca1\u80fd\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u6b64\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\u4f5c\u51fa\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u8bc4\u5b9a\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6ca1\u80fd\u5bf9\u5178\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u4f53\u5236\u7ed9\u4e88\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u529b\u56fe\u4e3a\u4e4b\u5bfb\u627e\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u548c\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5229\u76ca\u505a\u51fa\u4f18\u5148\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u76f8\u4fe1\u4eba\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u7231\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u675c\u7edd\u4e86\u5b58\u5728\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u5171\u4eab\u4e4b\u5584\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e0e\u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u56fa\u6709\u4e4b\u5584\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff09\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u7684\u5584\u7684\u6743\u5229\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u516c\u5e73\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5df2\u7136\u8db3\u591f\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u8d28\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5219\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u8fdb\u8def\u6709\u7740\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5c06\u6743\u5229\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3b\u4f53\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4\uff08\u4ece\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f00\u59cb\uff09\u4e5f\u76f8\u4e92\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6bd4\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u6216\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u77e5\u4e4b\u5e55\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff08thought experiments\uff09\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\uff0c\u540e\u4e24\u8005\u8981\u4e48\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u662f\u5206\u79bb\u7684\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u601d\u8003\u5fd8\u6389\u6240\u53d7\u4e4b\u57f9\u517b\u6216\u8005\u4eba\u9645\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u8fdb\u8def\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u5b83\u627f\u8bfa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u5f20\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5112\u8005\u66f4\u80fd\u524d\u540e\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u770b\u5230\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u5584\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u771f\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u5728\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[\u2460]<\/a> \u53c2\u770b\u5b89\u4e50\u54f2\uff08Roger T. Ames\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7ee7\u7eed\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u300b\uff08\u201cContinuing the Conversation on Chinese Human Rights\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u300b\uff08<em>Ethics &amp; International Affairs<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c11\u8f91\uff0c1997\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c177\uff5e205\u9875\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4ed6\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u63a2\u8ba8\u4f5c\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4f55\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8003\u8651\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u770b\u76ae\u6587\u777f\uff08R. Peerenboom\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u6b63\u4e49\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff08\u201cConfucian Justice: Achieving a Humane Society\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u54f2\u5b66\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff08<em>International Philosophical Quarterly<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c30\u8f91\uff0c1990\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c17\uff5e32\u9875\u3002\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u4ed6\u53cd\u9a73\u4e86\u5951\u7ea6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2\u6cbf\u81ea\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5373\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u53cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5728\u76ae\u6587\u777f\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8e\u6743\u5229\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2\uff0c\u6784\u60f3\u7684\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u800c\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u5374\u80fd\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u5404\u79cd\u6f5c\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[\u2461]<\/a> \u9648\u7956\u4e3a\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u5bb6\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u521d\u63a2\u300b\uff08\u201cA Confucian Perspective on Human Rights for Contemporary China\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8f7dJ. R.\u9c8d\u5c14\uff08J. R. Bauer\uff09\u548c\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\uff08D. A. Bell\uff09\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6311\u6218\u300b\uff08<em>The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u5251\u6865\uff1a\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c212\uff5e237\u9875\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u4ea6\u6536\u5165\u672c\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\u3002\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u8def\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u53c2\u770bY. \u52a0\u4f0a\uff08Y. Ghai\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u7edf\u6cbb\uff1a\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u201cHuman Rights and Governance: The Asia Debate\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5e74\u9274\u300b\uff08<em>The Australian Year Book of International Law<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c15\u8f91\uff0c1994\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c1\uff5e34\u9875\uff1b\u4ee5\u53caJ.\u5510\u7eb3\u5229\uff08J. Donnelly\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff1a\u5bf9\u2018\u897f\u65b9\u2019\u666e\u4e16\u8bba\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u300b\uff08\u201cHuman Rights and Asian Values: A Defence of \u2018Western\u2019 Universalism\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6311\u6218\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c60\uff5e87\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[\u2462]<\/a> \u9648\u7956\u4e3a\uff1a\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u4e3b\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff08\u201cMoral Autonomy, Civil Liberties, and Confucianism\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff08<em>Philosophy East &amp; West<\/em>\uff09\u7b2c52\u8f91\uff0c2002\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c281\uff5e310\u9875\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u770b\u827e\u59c6\u5e03\u9c81\u65af\u00b7\u91d1\uff08Ambrose Y. C. King\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\uff1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u300b\uff08\u201cThe Individual and Group in Confucianism: A Relational Perspective\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u89c1\u5b5f\u65e6\uff08D. Munro\uff09\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2a\u4eba\u8bba\u4e0e\u6574\u4f53\u8bba\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\u4e0e\u9053\u5bb6\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08<em>Individualism and Holism: Studies in Confucian and Taoist Values<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u5b89\u96c5\u5821\uff1a\u5bc6\u897f\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1985\u5e74\u7248\u3002\u91d1\u8bf4\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6a21\u8303\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\uff08\u541b\u5b50\uff09\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u9876\u7740\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u538b\u529b\u800c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\uff0857\u9875\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u91d1\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u5728\u8d85\u51fa\u4e94\u4f26\uff08\u541b\u81e3\u3001\u7236\u5b50\u3001\u592b\u5987\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u4ee5\u53ca\u670b\u53cb\uff09\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u8fdb\u5165\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u65f6\uff0c\u541b\u5b50\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u5178\u8303\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u2018\u6709\u6548\u8054\u7cfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u2019\u201d\uff0865\u9875\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u987558\u91d1\u5bf9\u4e94\u4f26\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[\u2463]<\/a> \u52a0\u4f0a\uff1a\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u7edf\u6cbb\uff1a\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e74\u9274\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c15\u8f91\uff0c1994\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c1\uff5e34\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[\u2464]<\/a> \u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9648\u7956\u4e3a\u5bf9\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u91cd\u6784\uff08\u5982\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff09\u5c31\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[\u2465]<\/a> \u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\uff1a\u300a\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u4eba\u300b\uff08<em>Rights and Persons<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u548c\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\uff1a\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1977\u5e74\u7248\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9875\u7801\u6ce8\u91ca\u5747\u4ee5\u63d2\u5165\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ea4\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[\u2466]<\/a> \u6211\u5bf9\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u9650\u5236\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u8bb0\u8ff0\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u9664\u975e\u53e6\u5916\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u5b89\u4e50\u54f2\u548c\u7f57\u65af\u6587\uff08H. Rosemont\uff0cJr.\uff09\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u8bba\u8bed\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u6027\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u300b\uff08<em>The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff1a\u767e\u9f84\u575b\uff08Ballantine\uff091988\u5e74\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4eca\u5929\u4f17\u591a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u5e26\u6765\u6df1\u8fdc\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u9650\u4e8e\u672c\u6587\u7bc7\u5e45\u6240\u9650\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u52a0\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><sup>[\u2467]<\/sup><\/a> \u5b54\u5b50\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5b5d\u987a\u548c\u656c\u7231\u5144\u957f\u662f\u4eba\u9053\uff08\u4ec1\u2014\u2014\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u7684\u6839\u672c\u3002\u201d\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u00b7\u5b66\u800c\u300b2\u8282\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u770b\u300a\u96cd\u4e5f\u300b30\u8282\u3001\u300a\u989c\u6e0a\u300b22\u8282\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5b50\u8def\u300b19\u8282\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u90fd\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e4b\u7231\u63a8\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[\u2468]<\/a> \u827e\u59c6\u5e03\u9c81\u65af\u00b7\u91d1\u5728\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5b5d\u9053\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5112\u5bb6\u6559\u8bf2\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u2018\u5b5d\u9053\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7279\u6027\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u90fd\u4f9d\u6b64\u63a5\u53d7\u8bc4\u5224\u3002\u2019\u201d\uff08\u7b2c58\u9875\uff09\u8bb8\u70fa\u5149\uff08Francis L.K. Hsu\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u53ca\u5176\u6587\u5316\u8868\u73b0\u300b\uff08\u201cConfucianism and Its Culturally Determined Manifestations\u201d\uff09\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u575a\u6301\u4ee5\u5b5d\u9053\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u4ece\u8bda\u5b9e\u5230\u5bf9\u4f34\u4fa3\u7684\u5173\u7231\uff0c\u4ece\u5bf9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u5fe0\u5fc3\u5230\u62bd\u8c61\u539f\u5219\u4e2d\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u53d7\u5176\u4fee\u9970\uff0c\u53d7\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u5176\u6452\u9664\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u8ba4\u53ef\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6839\u636e\u5979\u662f\u5426\u4ee4\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u9ad8\u5174\uff1b\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u5b88\u5b5d\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u201d\uff08\u89c1\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u65af\u6d1b\u7279[Walter H. Slote]\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u2014\u6587\u5316\u52a8\u6001\u300b[<em>The Psycho-Cultural Dynamics of the Confucian Family<\/em>]\uff0c\u9996\u5c14\uff1a\u97e9\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u6587\u5316\u534f\u4f1a1986\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c33\u9875\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u5b5d\u9053\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u8bf7\u770b\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4e54\u4e39\uff08David K. Jordan\uff09\u7684\u300a\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u6c11\u95f4\u5b5d\u884c\uff1a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u4e2a\u5b5d\u5b50\u5178\u8303\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u2014\u6587\u5316\u52a8\u6001\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u4e0a\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e54\u4e39\u6587\u4e2d\u9644\u5f55\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5b5d\u5b50\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u7b2c82\uff5e94\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><sup>[\u2469]<\/sup><\/a> \u675c\u7ef4\u660e\u5728\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u4e94\u4f26\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u300b\uff08\u201cAn Inquiry on the Five Relationships in Confucian Humanism\u201d\uff09\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4e94\u79cd\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u7236\u6bcd\u4e0e\u5b50\u5973\u3001\u592b\u5987\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u3001\u670b\u53cb\u4ee5\u53ca\u541b\u81e3\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u53d7\u4e92\u60e0\u539f\u5219\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u2026\u2026\uff08\u8fd9\u79cd\uff09\u539f\u5219\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u613f\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u952e\u6027\u610f\u8bc6\u2026\u2026\uff08\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\uff09\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u517b\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u3002\u201d\uff08\u8f7d\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u2014\u6587\u5316\u52a8\u6001\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c179\u9875\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u7b2c183\u9875\uff0c\u62ec\u53f7\u5185\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u63d2\u5165\u8bed\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u770b\u6ce8\u91ca3\u4e2d\u827e\u59c6\u5e03\u9c81\u65af\u00b7\u91d1\u5173\u4e8e\u4e94\u8bba\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u5bf9\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d<strong>\u4ec1<\/strong>\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53c2\u770b\u62d9\u4f5c\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u91cd\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u300b\uff08\u201cAristotle in the Reconstruction of Confucian Ethics\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u54f2\u5b66\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff08<em>International Philosophical Quarterly<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c41\u8f91\uff0c2001\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c453\uff5e468\u9875\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6ce8\u91ca5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a> \u5728\u5b54\u5b50\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u7531\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6d41\u4f20\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u4eea\u5f0f\uff08\u793c\u4eea\uff0c\u793c\uff09\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5468\u76d1\u4e8e\u4e8c\u4ee3\uff0c\u90c1\u90c1\u4e4e\u6587\u54c9\uff01\u543e\u4ece\u5468\u201d\uff08\u300a\u516b\u4f7e\u300b14\u8282\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8bd7\u6b4c\uff08<strong>\u300a\u8bd7\u300b<\/strong>\uff09\u5e76\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u90fd\u9075\u5b88\u793c\u4eea\u662f\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709<strong>\u4ec1<\/strong>\u7684<strong>\u541b\u5b50<\/strong>\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6977\u6a21\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff08\u300a\u9633\u8d27\u300b9\u8282\uff0c\u300a\u989c\u6e0a\u300b1\u8282\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8bd7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5174\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7fa4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6028\u3002\u8fe9\u4e4b\u4e8b\u7236\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e4b\u4e8b\u541b\uff0c\u591a\u8bc6\u4e8e\u9e1f\u517d\u8349\u6728\u4e4b\u540d\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u9633\u8d27\u300b9\u8282\uff09\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u8981\u770b\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u542c\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u793c\u4eea\uff08<strong>\u793c<\/strong>\uff09\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff08\u300a\u989c\u6e0a\u300b1\u8282\uff09\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e<strong>\u793c<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u4ec1<\/strong>\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53c2\u770b\u62d9\u4f5c\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u91cd\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u300b\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6ce8\u91ca41\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u62d9\u4f5c\u300a\u5b54\u5b50\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u81ea\u6211\u300b\uff08\u201cThe Moral Self in Confucius and Aristotle\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u54f2\u5b66\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c43\u8f91\uff0c2003\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c439\uff5e462\u9875\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6ce8\u91ca33\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a> \u5f53\u4ee3\u5112\u8005\u548c\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u5bf9\u793c\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u8bc9\u6c42\u4e2d\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u590d\u53e4\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc9\u6c42\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u3002\u90dd\u5927\u4e3a\uff08D. Hall\uff09\u548c\u5b89\u4e50\u54f2\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9<strong>\u793c<\/strong>\u7684\u8654\u8bda\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u90dd\u5927\u4e3a\u548c\u5b89\u4e50\u54f2\u5bf9\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53c2\u770b\u62d9\u4f5c\uff1a\u300a\u3008\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3009\u4e0e\u3008\u4e2d\u5eb8\u3009\u4e2d\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4e2d\u9053\u300b\uff08\u201cHarmony and the Mean in the <em>Nicomachean Ethics<\/em> and the <em>Zhongyong<\/em>\u201d\uff09\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u9053\uff1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u520a\u300b\uff08<em>Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c3\u8f91\uff0c2004\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c253\uff5e280\u9875\u3002\u6211\u8d5e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\u3002\u867d\u7136\u793c\u4eea\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u8c03\u6574\u751a\u81f3\u5076\u5c14\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u6b23\u8d4f\u800c\u53ef\u88ab\u770b\u505a\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u9ad8\u5c1a\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5468\u793c\uff09\u662f\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u73cd\u5b9d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6700\u5c11\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u5475\u62a4\u548c\u57f9\u517b\u3002\u53c2\u770b\u62d9\u4f5c\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u91cd\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u300b\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u8f83\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a> \u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u7ecf\u5e38\u8bf4\u5230\u8ffd\u6c42\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u5374\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5c31\u627f\u8bfa\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u627f\u8bfa\u8005\u6ca1\u80fd\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u8d23\u4efb\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u53d7\u627f\u8bfa\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u8ffd\u6c42\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff08\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u9879\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u7b2c76\u9875\uff0c78\uff5e79\u9875\uff09\u88ab\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u3002\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u504f\u597d\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6b21\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u6697\u793a\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u5584\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u5b54\u5b50\u5f3a\u8c03\u6307\u5bfc\u6027\u793c\u4eea\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u699c\u6837\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u53c2\u770b\u62d9\u4f5c\u300a\u3008\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3009\u4e0e\u3008\u4e2d\u5eb8\u3009\u4e2d\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4e2d\u9053\u300b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e00\u53cc\u91cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u5e76\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\u5b54\u5b50\u8fd9\u5957\u6559\u80b2\u4eba\u4eec\u5c65\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u8d5e\u540c\u5bb6\u5ead\u662f\u5b55\u80b2\u5404\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u62d2\u7edd\u4f9d\u9760\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u89c4\u5219\u5f80\u5f80\u65e0\u89c6\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c06\u662f\u5341\u5206\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\uff09\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u548c\u6743\u5229\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5e74\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5bf9\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a> \u53c2\u770b\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u00b7\u5b50\u8def\u300b18\u8282\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b54\u5b50\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3e\u62a5\u5176\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u5077\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u770b\u6211\u5728\u6ce8\u91ca9\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8bb8\u70fa\u5149\u548c\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4e54\u4e39\u5bf9\u5b5d\u9053\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u541b\u4e8b\u81e3\u4ee5\u793c\uff0c\u81e3\u4e8b\u541b\u4ee5\u5fe0\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u516b\u4f7e\u300b19\u8282\uff0c\u53c2\u770b\u300a\u989c\u6e0a\u300b11\u548c16\u8282\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a> \u53c2\u770b\u90dd\u5927\u4e3a\u548c\u5b89\u4e50\u54f2\uff1a\u300a\u5b54\u5b50\u601d\u5fae\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c95\uff5e96\u9875\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u541b\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5e94\u5f53\u6ce8\u610f\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8fd0\u7528\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6b7b\u5b88\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a> \u5173\u4e8e\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d\u4e09\u79cd\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u8be6\u5c3d\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53c2\u770b\u62d9\u4f5c\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u9053\u5fb7\u91cd\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u300b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6ce8\u91ca14\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u5b54\u5b50\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u50cf\u9b54\u672f\u4e00\u6837\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u597d\u793c\uff0c\u5219\u6c11\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u656c\uff1b\u4e0a\u597d\u4e49\uff0c\u5219\u6c11\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u670d\uff1b\u4e0a\u597d\u4fe1\uff0c\u5219\u6c11\u83ab\u6562\u4e0d\u7528\u60c5\u3002\u592b\u5982\u662f\uff0c\u5219\u56db\u65b9\u4e4b\u6c11\u8941\u8d1f\u5176\u5b50\u800c\u81f3\u77e3\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u516b\u4f7e\u300b14\u8282\uff0c\u53c2\u770b\u300a\u989c\u6e0a\u300b17\u8282\uff0c\u300a\u4e3a\u653f\u300b20\u8282\uff09\u3002\u53c2\u770b\u62d9\u4f5c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u793c\u4eea\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u6027\u300b\uff08\u201cRitual and Realism in Early Chinese Science\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u520a\u300b\uff08<em>Journal of Chinese<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c29\u8f91\uff0c2002\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c501\uff5e523\u9875\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5bf9\u5b54\u5b50\u6765\u8bb2\u5177\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u5728\u6211\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u603b\u8bba\u70b9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf8\u5982\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u548c\u201c\u53d1\u5c55\u6743\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5728\u522b\u5904\u518d\u4f5c\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a> \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u6697\u85cf\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5373\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u89c2\u662f\u5426\u627f\u8ba4\u9664\u89d2\u8272\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u201d\u5df2\u88ab\u5176\u89d2\u8272\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u6240\u7a77\u5c3d\u3002\u6211\u5728\u62d9\u4f5c\u300a\u5b54\u5b50\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u6211\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6743\u5229\u662f\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u4e2d\u63a8\u51fa\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u53c2\u770bC. W.\u5fb7\u9a6c\u79d1\uff08C. W. DeMarco\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u300b\uff08\u201cReason and Morality: A Critical Exposition\u201d\uff09\uff08\u7855\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5927\u5b66\uff0c1986\u5e74\uff0c\u5bfc\u5e08\uff1aTony Cua\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a> \u65e2\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u57f9\u80b2\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u4ec1\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u636e\u6b64\u7406\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u6211\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5148\u6401\u7f6e\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u5b54\u5b50\u4e0d\u4f8d\u5949\u4e00\u4e2a\u8150\u673d\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u5f0f\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u300a\u6cf0\u4f2f\u300b13\u8282\uff0c\u300a\u536b\u7075\u516c\u300b7\u8282\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5ac1\u63a5\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u6709\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4eba\u80fd\u5f18\u9053\uff0c\u975e\u9053\u5f18\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u300a\u536b\u7075\u516c\u300b29\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4eba\u662f\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u9053\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\uff082\uff09\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u5f53\u4ec1\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u4e8e\u5e08\u201d\uff08\u300a\u536b\u7075\u516c\u300b36\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u65e0\u9700\u76f2\u76ee\u5730\u656c\u754f\u6743\u5a01\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a> \u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7a77\u5c3d\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\uff08\u89c1\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u9082\u9005\u897f\u65b9\uff1a\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3001\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\uff1a\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2000\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c114\uff5e116\u9875\u4ee5\u53ca186\u9875\u5173\u4e8e\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u7968\u201d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\uff08\u90a3\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u201d\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u7531\u5b98\u65b9\u673a\u6784\u6388\u4e88\u7684\uff09\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e5f\u65e0\u9700\u653e\u5f03\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u53c2\u770b\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\uff08A. Nathan\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u300b\uff08\u201cPolitical Rights in Chinese Constitutions\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8f7dR. R.\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u5179\uff08R. R. Edwards\uff09\u3001L.\u4ea8\u91d1\uff08L. Henkin\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u300b\uff08<em>Human Rights in Contemporary China<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff1a\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1986\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c77\uff5e124\u9875\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u6e05\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u53c2\u770b\u6770\u514b\u00b7\u591a\u7eb3\u5229\uff08Jack Donnelly\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u300b\uff08\u201cHuman Rights and Asian Values\u201d\uff09\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8a00\u8bba\u3001\u96c6\u4f1a\u548c\u201c\u4ee3\u8bae\u201d\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8a00\u8f9e\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u80fd\u51fa\u81ea\u5b54\u5723\u4eba\u4e4b\u53e3\u7684\u8a00\u8f9e\u3002\u6211\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u4e00\u8d2f\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u8fdb\u8def\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u8bba\u8ff0\u53ea\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u5112\u5b66\u8fdb\u8def\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdb\u8def\u662f\u5426\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u6211\u4eec<strong>\u60f3\u8981<\/strong>\u65ad\u5b9a\u8bb8\u591a\u6216\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6743\u5229\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f85\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u57fa\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\u9886\u8896\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u8fdb\u8def\u80fd\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5927\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u786e\u4fdd\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9632\u6b62\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u504f\u597d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u8fdb\u8def\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5141\u8bb8\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u504f\u597d\u53d6\u4ee3\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5584\uff08\u53c2\u770b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cL. \u4ea8\u91d1\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u300b[\u201cThe Human Rights Idea in China\u201d]\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u300b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u987536\uff5e37\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5584\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e94\u5f53\u4f1a\u5141\u8bb8\u5e76\u9f13\u52b1\u5bf9\u5584\u4e4b\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u591a\u5143\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u901a\u5411\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u2014\u2014\u5c04\u3001\u4e50\u3001\u8bd7\u548c\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u624d\u80fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u65ad\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f53\u80b2\u3001\u827a\u672f\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e4b\u65b9\uff08statecraft\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u516c\u5f00\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u8ba8\u8bba\u6765\u5bfb\u6c42\u5173\u4e8e\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u201c\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad8\u5c1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u8c10\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u8fdb\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/a> \u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e00\u6837\u2014\u2014\u5c11\u6570\u53cd\u52a8\u5206\u5b50\u9664\u5916\u2014\u2014\u9ea6\u5c14\u767b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u4f18\u8d8a\u7684\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u627f\u62c5\u8d77\u5e2e\u52a9\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u6d3b\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9650\u5236\u800c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u5f97\u5230\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u80fd\u591f\u4eab\u6709\u8ffd\u6c42\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ffd\u6c42\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u5112\u5b66\u8fdb\u8def \u6c88\u7f8e\u534e\u8457\uff1b\u6881\u6d9b\u8bd1 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