{"id":205,"date":"2018-04-23T04:38:09","date_gmt":"2018-04-23T04:38:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/?p=205"},"modified":"2018-04-23T04:38:09","modified_gmt":"2018-04-23T04:38:09","slug":"%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e8%b6%85%e8%b6%8a%e7%b2%be%e8%8b%b1%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/2018\/04\/23\/%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e8%b6%85%e8%b6%8a%e7%b2%be%e8%8b%b1%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u9648\u7d20\u82ac\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Tan-Soor-hon-e1502390406981.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-382\" src=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Tan-Soor-hon-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>\u8d85\u8d8a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49<\/h3>\n<p>\u9648\u7d20\u82ac\u8457\uff1b<br 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href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u601d\u60f3\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4f9d\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u5408\u6cd5\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u57281900\u5e74\u540e\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6269\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u8d1f\u8d23\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u6027\u9769\u65b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u6298\u4e0d\u6263\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u00b7\u7a46\u52d2\uff08John Stuart Mill\uff09\u5374\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u662f\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u8d35\u65cf\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u5b83\u6240\u5b55\u80b2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u610f\u89c1\u3001\u624d\u80fd\u3001\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u6c14\u8d28\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u66fe\u7ecf\u6216\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u8d85\u8d8a\u5e73\u5eb8\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u591a\u6570\u613f\u610f\u5f97\u5230\uff08\u5728\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4ed6\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\uff09\u66f4\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u624d\u80fd\u548c\u667a\u6167\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fe0\u544a\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u5728\u6700\u597d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u66fe\u542c\u4ece\u6216\u8005\u613f\u610f\u542c\u4ece\u5c11\u6570\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u5f53\u7a46\u52d2\u575a\u6301\u624d\u534e\u51fa\u4f17\u7684\u3001\u53d7\u5230\u826f\u597d\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u6307\u51fa\u9053\u8def\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\u6216\u8005\u7ed9\u6bcd\u673a\u6784\u6027\u6743\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u8d1d\u518d\u6b21\u5206\u9053\u626c\u9570\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u8d24\u58eb\u9662\u663e\u7136\u662f\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8003\u8bd5\u9009\u62d4\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u6784\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u9632\u6b62\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eba\u9020\u6210\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4e3a\u4e86\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u5f3a\u5236\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6743\u529b\u603b\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u8150\u5316\u7684\u3002\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u673a\u6784\u6027\u4fdd\u969c\u80fd\u591f\u8ba9\u8be5\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u673a\u6784\u907f\u514d\u8150\u5316\u5176\u4f18\u79c0\u6210\u5458\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\uff08John Skorupski\uff09\u628a\u7a46\u52d2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b26\u5408\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u628a\u7cbe\u82f1\u6743\u5a01\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u80fd\u7834\u574f\u4ed6\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u201c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u3002\u5728\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u662f\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u9075\u5faa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4fe1\u6761\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u601d\u8651\uff08deliberation\uff09\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4fe1\u6761\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ef6\u4f38\u800c\u6765\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\u540c\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6309\u7167\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ecf\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u201c\u6765\u81ea\u73b0\u5728\u5f88\u96be\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6216\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u7ea6\u675f\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6392\u65a5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u6761\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u9010\u6e10\u628a\u540c\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6279\u8bc4\u6027\u201d\u7684\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e2d\u7acb\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5f53\u4eca\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u62b9\u53bb\u6b64\u7ecf\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6839\u672c\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d24\u58eb\u9662\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u4e0d\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u7cbe\u82f1\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u6c11\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u51fa\u751f\u6d3b\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u6765\u533a\u5206\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u524d\u8005\u5f88\u4e50\u89c2\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5219\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\u5f88\u4e50\u89c2\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4e13\u5bb6\u624d\u5177\u6709\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6cbb\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u6700\u597d\u7559\u7ed9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u4f46\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u51b3\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u7531\u4e13\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u5982\u4f55\u6700\u597d\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4e13\u624d\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8003\u8651\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u6548\u7387\u65f6\u624d\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u82e5\u5f15\u7528\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7a7f\u978b\u7684\u4eba\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u662f\u5426\u5939\u811a\uff0c\u54ea\u91cc\u5939\u811a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u978b\u5320\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u6bdb\u75c5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u5f53\u9009\u4ee3\u8868\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u6240\u62c5\u4efb\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6cbb\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u4e13\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u300a\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5b83\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u533a\u5206\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u628a\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u6c11\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5a34\u719f\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u201d\u7684\u597d\u5904\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u628a\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u673a\u5173\u4e0e\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b9e\u9645\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u673a\u5173\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u628a\u524d\u8005\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e25\u683c\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u628a\u540e\u8005\u4ea4\u7ed9\u62e5\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u667a\u6167\u7684\u53d7\u5230\u7279\u522b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u5f55\u7528\u548c\u63d0\u62d4\u624d\u534e\u51fa\u4f17\u8005\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u9488\u5bf9\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u5bfb\u6c42\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u7279\u522b\u54a8\u8be2\u5f25\u8865\u653f\u5e9c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8981\u6c42\u5e94\u8be5\u516c\u5f00\u7814\u62df\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u786e\u5b9a\u8bae\u9898\u4f18\u5148\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5904\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6700\u7ec8\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u88ab\u5c11\u6570\u4e13\u5bb6\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5c31\u88ab\u4e13\u5bb6\u6cbb\u56fd\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u8005\u4ee5\u80fd\u529b\u6210\u5c31\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u516c\u5f00\u6d41\u901a\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5c31\u91cd\u5927\u8bae\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u5f00\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f7f\u5f97\u8ffd\u7a76\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5176\u627f\u8bfa\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u5e76\u4fc3\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u516c\u5f00\u6027\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u9632\u6b62\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u80fd\u4eba\u6cbb\u56fd\u6216\u8bb8\u6bd4\u4e16\u88ad\u7279\u6743\u6216\u8005\u968f\u610f\u6027\u7684\u6743\u529b\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u4e9b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u4f17\u591a\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u8d23\u4efb\u8ffd\u7a76\u5236\u548c\u9632\u6b62\u7cbe\u82f1\u6210\u5458\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e13\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fe1\u6761\u652f\u6301\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u63a2\u7d22\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u9700\u8981\u601d\u8651\uff08deliberation\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u80fd\u529b\u5dee\u8ddd\u5f88\u5927\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e3a\u5c0a\u91cd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e88\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u7531\u8fa9\u62a4\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u660e\u667a\u5730\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u627e\u5230\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u6700\u597d\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6388\u6743\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u4ee3\u8868\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u51b3\u5b9a\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u5c31\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u56de\u907f\u4e86\u8c01\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u76ee\u7684\u65f6\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u4eba\u9009\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5047\u8bbe\u5c31\u597d\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u4e2a\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7531\u6b64\u65ad\u5b9a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u54a8\u8be2\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u505a\u51fa\u597d\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u975e\u5e38\u60b2\u89c2\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5c5e\u4e8e\u76ee\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u628a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6743\u4ea4\u5230\u7cbe\u82f1\u624b\u4e2d\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cbe\u82f1\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb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href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u652f\u6301\u786e\u8ba4\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u5bf9\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6765\u4e34\u4f7f\u5f97\u201c\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u4e3b\u5f20\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u6c11\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u201d\u5e76\u8ba9\u5b83\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\u5982\u679c\u201c\u8ba9\u6574\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u8d77\u6765\u81ea\u6211\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7ed9\u4e88\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5bf9\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u8ba1\u5212\u66f4\u52a0\u5371\u9669\u3002\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7275\u6d89\u4e86\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u201c\u5728\u6587\u660e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u679c\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u76f8\u4fe1\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u82f1\u56e0\u4e3a\u624d\u534e\u51fa\u4f17\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u83b7\u5f97\u66ff\u522b\u4eba\u51b3\u5b9a\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6001\u5ea6\u81f3\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bf4\u662f\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u786e\u4fdd\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u5e73\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u529f\u5229\u6027\u5de5\u5177\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u5f97\u5230\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u548c\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u7b49\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u8d5e\u540c\u3002\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u201c\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u201d\u610f\u4e49\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u666e\u9009\u6743\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u804c\u52a1\u4eba\u9009\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\uff1b\u5982\u6b64\u5b83\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u597d\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u624b\u6bb5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u6301\u4fdd\u7559\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u5f80\u5f80\u6000\u7591\u6c11\u4e3b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5728\u906d\u9047\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u597d\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u7531\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u517b\u826f\u597d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u7fa4\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5112\u5bb6\u76f8\u4fe1\u541b\u5b50\u548c\u5c0f\u4eba\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u76ee\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\u65f6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u540c\u6837\u597d\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u628a\u653f\u5e9c\u4ea4\u7ed9\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea4\u7ed9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u4eba\u6c11\u6311\u9009\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7f8e\u5fb7\u800c\u505a\u51fa\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\u771f\u7684\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u80fd\u591f\u8fa8\u8ba4\u51fa\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\u7684\u673a\u6784\u624b\u6bb5\uff08\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5\uff09\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u6210\u5c31\u5112\u5bb6\u79e9\u5e8f\u7406\u60f3\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u5dee\u5f3a\u4eba\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u6297\u6c11\u4e3b<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u5728\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e24\u9662\u5236\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u7528\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u4e0b\u9662\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u82b1\u8d39\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e24\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\u6743\u529b\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u4f18\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba9\u8d24\u58eb\u9662\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u4e9b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u627f\u8ba4\u5386\u53f2\u503e\u5411\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f31\u5c0f\u7684\u8d24\u58eb\u9662\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ea6\u675f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u597d\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u662f\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u666e\u904d\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5171\u548c\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f14\u9020\u8005\u4e5f\u66fe\u7ecf\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u6c11\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u4e0b\u6c11\u4f17\u6709\u505a\u51fa\u7cdf\u7cd5\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u5206\u6210\u5c11\u6570\u548c\u591a\u6570\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u548c\u51fa\u8eab\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u3002\u6c11\u4f17\u662f\u52a8\u8361\u4e0d\u5b89\u3001\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u5c11\u4f5c\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6216\u8005\u51b3\u7b56\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u548c\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d5e\u540c\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u7279\u5f81\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5\u9009\u62d4\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u82f1\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u51fa\u8eab\u5bcc\u6709\u548c\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684<\/p>\n<p>\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u7cbe\u82f1\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7ef4\u5f17\u96f7\u591a\u00b7\u5e15\u96f7\u6258\uff08Vilfredo Pareto\uff09\uff081848-1923\uff09\u3001\u845b\u5854\u8bfa\u00b7\u83ab\u65af\u5361\uff08Gaetano Mosca\uff09\uff081858-1941\uff09\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u65af\uff08Robert Michels\uff09\uff081876-1936\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5728\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6743\u529b\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u624b\u91cc\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6027\u547d\u9898\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7cbe\u82f1\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\uff0c\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u95ee\u9898\u751a\u81f3\u5931\u53bb\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u67d0\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u6301\u6709\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u6709\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u9690\u542b\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7f57\u5a01\u5c14\u00b7\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u683c\u5229\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u590d\u6742\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bd4\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u7c7b\u76ee\u6807\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u627f\u8bfa\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65e0\u6cd5\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u7279\u6027\u6240\u7275\u5236\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4e25\u8083\u5bf9\u5f85\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u627f\u8ba4\u5982\u679c\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u624b\u91cc\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u5b58\u5728\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c\u7cbe\u83b1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6216\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u8f6c\u53d8\u6216\u8005\u6539\u5584\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4ee5\u9020\u798f\u793e\u4f1a\u800c\u4e0d\u635f\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6b64\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u5112\u5bb6\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u7531\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u624d\u534e\u517c\u5907\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0e\u7531\u663e\u8d35\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u5bcc\u8c6a\u6216\u8005\u519b\u4e8b\u5f3a\u4eba\u7b49\u6267\u653f\u76f8\u6bd4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u96be<\/p>\n<p>\u9053\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u652f\u6301\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6027\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u628a\u5b83\u5f53\u4f5c\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6765\u63a8\u8350\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u662f\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u9769\u547d\u6765\u63a8\u7ffb\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\uff08C. Wright Mills\uff09\uff081916-1962\uff09\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u5f97\u51fa\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u7cbe\u82f1\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d77\u6765\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6743\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u201c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4ea4\u53c9\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u2018\u5371\u673a\u5915\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u5982\u6b64\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8bb0\u4f4f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u6210\u5458\u73b0\u5728\u5360\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u5730\u4f4d\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u6700\u6709\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\u7684\u6700\u6709\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u51fa\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u4eba\u65bd\u52a0\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u7cbe\u82f1\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u540e\u679c\u663e\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u9700\u8981\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u6216\u8bb8\u5e76\u975e\u559c\u6b22\u7cbe\u82f1\u7edf\u6cbb\u80dc\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u60b2\u89c2\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u540c\u6837\u662f\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\uff1a\u6c11\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u652f\u6301\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5728\u5ef6\u7eed\u6743\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5373\u4f7f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u6279\u8bc4\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u60b2\u89c2\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u548c\u89e3\u3002\u300a\u8c01\u5728\u7edf\u6cbb\u7f8e\u56fd\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6234\u4f0a\uff08Thomas Dye\uff09\u4e0d\u5e26\u4efb\u4f55\u8bbd\u523a\u53e3\u543b\u7684\u8bed\u6c14\u8c08\u5230\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff1a<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u624b\u91cc\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u4ebf\u4e94\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u6570\u5343\u4eba\u51b3\u5b9a\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u5de5\u8d44\u4e0e\u4ef7\u683c\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\u3001\u62db\u8058\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u7a0e\u6536\u4e0e\u798f\u5229\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u798f\u5229\u3001\u5e7f\u544a\u4e0e\u901a\u8baf\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u4f11\u95f2\u3002\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u3001\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd8\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u53d1\u6325\u5de8\u5927\u6743\u529b\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5343\u771f\u4e07\u786e\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5b9e\u884c\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u2018\u4eba\u6c11\u2019\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cbe\u82f1\u201c\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u201d\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u3002\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\uff08Joseph Schumpeter\uff09\uff081883 -1950\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u628a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7cbe\u82f1\u901a\u8fc7\u6295\u7968\u7bb1\u4e89\u593a\u6743\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u628a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u529b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u6311\u9009\u4ee3\u8868\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u98a0\u5012\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u201d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u6210\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u9760\u4e89\u593a\u6c11\u4f17\u9009\u7968\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u51b3\u7b56\u6743\u8fdb\u800c\u8fbe\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u673a\u6784\u6027\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u65e0\u610f\u5bf9\u6cbb\u56fd\u7cbe\u82f1\u505a\u51fa\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b65\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u7684\u540e\u5c18\uff0c\u628a\u7cbe\u82f1\u770b\u4f5c\u5b9e\u9645\u5360\u6709\u6743\u529b\u804c\u52a1\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u8bdd\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u6709\u5173\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u8fbe\u6210\u652f\u6301\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff08\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u786e\u7acb\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6027\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u6700\u8fd1\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6279\u8bc4\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u7cbe\u82f1\u5728\u4e89\u593a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ade\u9009\u4e2d\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u6f20\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5dee\u522b\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u522b\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u8fd8\u5927\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u4e25\u8083\u5bf9\u5f85\u201c\u6c11\u6cbb\u3001\u6c11\u6709\u3001\u6c11\u4eab\u201d\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4eba\u628a\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u770b\u4f5c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5192\u724c\u8d27\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6027\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u7ed9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u5e26\u6765\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u548c\u5e0c\u683c\u5229\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u65e6\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8303\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eec\u62d2\u7edd\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f97\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u88ab\u4f2a\u88c5\u6210\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6027\u547d\u9898\u3002\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5ba3\u79f0\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u624d\u9002\u5408\u6cbb\u56fd\u6216\u8005\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u6700\u4f73\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u9690\u542b\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6743\u529b\u5e94\u8be5\u9650\u5236\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c11\u6570\u7cbe\u82f1\u624b\u91cc\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u9762\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eba\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u6743\u529b\u548c\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u6743\u8ffd\u7a76\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u9009\u62d4\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u53ef\u5411\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9664\u4e86\u624d\u5e72\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5916\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u9020\u6210\u5229\u7528\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u663e\u793a\u7cbe\u82f1\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u62db\u6536\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u67d0\u4e9b\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u8fd9\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u201c\u6c11\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff1b\u7cbe\u82f1\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u591a\u6570\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u201c\u6c11\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff1b\u7cbe\u82f1\u5185\u90e8\u662f\u540c\u8d28\u7684\u3001\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u635f\u5bb3\u522b\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u725f\u5229\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u548c\u6c11\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u201c\u6c11\u4eab\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\u6070\u597d\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u3001\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u8d85\u8d8a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u7684\u6298\u8877\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u628a\u7126\u70b9\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u800c\u727a\u7272\u6389\u4e86\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u60f3\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5207\u5b9e\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\u6216\u8005\u88ab\u4e0d\u5b9e\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8c08\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u4e5f\u6000\u7591\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7834\u574f\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u4ed6\u628a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5\u9009\u62d4\u4e24\u79cd\u7ec4\u6210\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8d5e\u540c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8d1d\u6de1\u5b81\u201c\u6c11\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u8ffd\u7a76\u3001\u900f\u660e\u201d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5728\u7b14\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u6216\u8005\u8ffd\u6c42\u793e\u7fa4\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<a 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href=\"#_ftn39\" name=\"_ftnref39\">[39]<\/a>\u5f88\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u673a\u6784\u9650\u5236\u591a\u6570\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u610f\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u6765\u7ed9\u4e88\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5112\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u9650\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u5012\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u201c\u52e4\u52e4\u6073\u6073\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5458\u201d\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u5173\u5fc3\u4e2a\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u517b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u516c\u5f00\u63a5\u89e6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u534f\u5546\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u516c\u5f00\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8bf4\u660e\u4e66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f88\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e25\u8083\u5bf9\u5f85\u5112\u5bb6\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8981\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7ed9\u4e88\u5fb7\u624d\u517c\u5907\u7684\u4eba\u9002\u5f53\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u6b64\u8bba\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5c4a\u4e16\u754c\u54f2\u5b66\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u520a\u767b\u4e8e\u300a\u4e2d\u897f\u54f2\u5b66\u300b(Philosophy East and West), vol. 59, no.4 (2009)\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u611f\u8c22\u6b64\u520a\u540c\u610f\u672c\u6587\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u4f17\u591a\u6587\u732e\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5085\u58eb\u5353(Joseph Fewsmith)\u00a0 (2001),\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Armank\uff1b M. E. Sharpe) \uff1b\u81e7\u5c0f\u4f1f(2004),\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u53cc\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u9009\u62e9\u300b(Elite Dualism and Leadership Selection in China (New York\uff1bRoutledge Curzon)\uff1b\u90d1\u6c38\u5e74(2004),\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f1a\u5b9e\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5417\uff1f\u7cbe\u82f1\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u653f\u6743\u8f6c\u578b\u300b(Singapore\uff1b\u00a0 Eastern University Press)\uff0c\u53f2\u5b97\u701a(Victor C. Shih) (2008),\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b97\u6d3e\u548c\u91d1\u878d\uff1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u300b(New York\uff1b\u00a0 Cambridge University Press)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u54c0\u53f9\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u6210\u4e3a\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u969c\u788d\u3002\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u5361\u5c14\u987f(Eric Canton) (1996),\u300a\u5c11\u6570\u548c\u591a\u6570\u300b(Aldershot\uff1a Ashgate), p.2\u3002\u6309\u7167\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u5468\u520a\u300b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u5ab2\u7f8e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8d8a\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u5177\u6709\u8d2c\u4e49\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u65f6\u9ae6\u7528\u8bed\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u4ea8\u5229\u4e09\u4e16(William A. Henry III) (1994),\u300a\u4e3a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fa9\u62a4\u300b(New York\uff1a Double Day) \uff0cp. 2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u8fa9\u62a4\u201d\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9053\u542c\u9014\u8bf4\u89c2\u70b9\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u548c\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e89\u8bba\u6027\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5728\u4f5c\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\u91c7\u53d6\u4e3a\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u540c\u6027\u604b\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u7279\u6743\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u727a\u7272\u4e86\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7406\u6027\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u83ab\u987f\u2022\u52d2\u7ef4\u7279(Morton P. Levitt)\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba(2001),\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5192\u72af\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b24. 3\/4\uff1a534-38\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u6770\u5f17\u91cc\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14(Jeffrey Bell)\u00a0 (1992) \u300a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49:\u5e73\u7b49\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Washington, D. C. Regnery Gateway)\uff0cp. 57 0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u540c\u6ce84\uff0cp.59\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u7f57\u5a01\u5c14\u00b7\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7(G. Lowell Field)\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u683c\u5229(John Higley) (1980),\u300a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul)\uff0cp. 580<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u540c\u6ce86\uff0cp.50\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u7a46\u52d2(John Stuart Mill)\u300a\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u300b(1977)\uff0c\u7f57\u5e03\u68ee(J. M. Robson)\u7f16\u300a\u7a46\u52d2\u9009\u96c6\u300b(London; Routledgeand Kegan Panl)\uff0cvol. XVIII,\u00a0 p. 269\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u540c\u6ce84\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa(John Skorupski) (1992)\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5728\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u7c73\u5229\u7518(David Milligan)\u548c\u74e6\u8328\u00b7\u7c73\u52d2(William Watts Miller)\u7f16\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u300b( Aldershot;\u00a0 Ashgate)\uff0c134-53\uff0cp.136\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u540c\u6ce810\uff0cp.135\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u540c\u6ce810\uff0cp.136\u3002\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u6307\u7684\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\u3002(p. 146)\u3002\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u5ff5\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u4e3a\u80fd\u65bd\u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u667a\u8651\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002(pp. 147-150)\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u9020\u6210\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5f20\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u201c\u4ef7\u503c\u5371\u673a\u201d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u7b2c12\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> Populism and Elitism\uff0cp. 68\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01(1988)\uff0c\u300a\u516c\u4f17\u6781\u5176\u95ee\u9898\u300b\u9996\u7248\u4e8e1927\u5e74\uff0c\u4e54\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u6ce2\u5fb7\u65af\u987f(Jo Ann Boydston)\u7f16\u300a1925-1953\u5e74\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u540e\u671f\u8457\u4f5c\u300bvol.2, p.364\u3002\u8fd8\u53ef\u53c2\u9605\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u65af\u76ae\u5179(David Spitz) (1965),\u300a\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b(New York:\u00a0\u00a0 Pree Press)\uff0cpp. 148-149\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u7a46\u52d2(John Staart Mill) (1950)\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u300b(NewYork;\u00a0 Dutton), p.323\u3002\u5f15\u81ea\u5a01\u5ec9\u83ab\u5c14\u00b7\u80af\u8fbe(Willmoore Kendall)\u548c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5361\u5229(George W. Carey)\u00a0 (1968),\u201c\u82b1\u540d\u518c\u624b\u6bb5\uff1a\u7a46\u52d2\u548c\u5f53\u4ee3\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u5b63\u520a\u300b21.1: 20-39,\u00a0 p.27\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u62d2\u7edd\u7a46\u52d2\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u663e\u793a\u300a\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u54c8\u8036\u514b(Friedrich A. Hayek) (1976) ,\u300a\u901a\u5411\u5974\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u300b(London:\u00a0 Routledge and Kegan Paul)\u5173\u4e8e\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\u4e3b\u9898\u548c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u4e54\u5fb7\u5170\u00b7\u5e93\u5361\u5854\u65af(Chandran Kukathas)(1998),\u201c\u54c8\u8036\u514b:\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\uff0c\u827e\u666e\u91cc\u00b7\u5361\u7279(April Carter)\u548c\u6770\u5f17\u91cc\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65af(GeoffreyStokes)\u7f16\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ca\u5176\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u300b(Cambridge;\u00a0 Polity Press), 21-38, p.34\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u540c\u6ce816\uff0cp.36\uff1b\u54c8\u8036\u514b(1982),\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u300b(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul), vol. 3, pp.34-35\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u7518\u4fdd(Andrew Gamble) (1996) ,\u300a\u54c8\u8036\u514b:\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u94c1\u7b3c\u300b(Boulder:\u00a0 Westview), p.97\u3002\u4e54\u5fb7\u5170\u00b7\u5e93\u5361\u5854\u65af(op. cit.)\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u79cd\u628a\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u770b\u4f5c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u8bfb\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u54c8\u8036\u514b(1976)\uff0cp. 52\u3002\u5f15\u81ea\u5e93\u5361\u5854\u65af\uff0cp. 23\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f1787\u5e74\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec:\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258(Vilfredo Pareto) (1986),\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u300b(Albuquerque: American Classical College Press);\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258(Vilfredo Pareto) (1968)\uff0c\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u6cfd\u7279\u4f2f\u683c(Hans L. Zetterberg)\u64b0\u5199\u5e8f\u8a00\u7684\u300a\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5174\u8870\uff1a\u7406\u8bba\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b(Totowa,\u00a0 N. J.:Bedminster Press)\uff0c\u7531Revista Italians di sociologia\u57281901\u5e74\u7684\u7248\u672c(Un applicazione di teorie sociologiche)\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8fc7\u6765\uff0cpp. 402-456;\u845b\u5854\u8bfa\u00b7\u83ab\u65af\u5361&lt;Gaetano Mosca)\u00a0 (1939),\u300a\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u300b(Elementi de scienze politics)\uff0c\u7531\u6c49\u5a1c.\u5361\u6069(Hannah D. Kahn)\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u7531\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5229\u6587\u65af\u987f(Arthur Livingston)\u7f16\u8f91\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u5199\u5e8f\u8a00(New York and London;\u00a0 McGraw-Hill) \uff1b\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u65af(Robert Michels) (1949),\u300a\u653f\u515a:\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u5be1\u5934\u503e\u5411\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u7531\u4f0a\u767b\u548c\u585e\u8fbe\u00b7\u4fdd\u7f57(Eden and Cedar Paul)\u7ffb\u8bd1(Glencoe:\u00a0 Free Press);\u83b1\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u65af(C. Wright Mills)(1956),\u300a\u6743\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u300b(New York: Oxford University Press)\u3002\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u3002\u4f2f\u5947(Anthony Birch)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u667a\u6167\u4e0a\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f2f\u5947\u66f4\u52a0\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u65b0\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4f2a\u88c5\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u540e\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8bc1\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u603b\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e0d\u80fd\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u800c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u3002\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u4f2f\u5947(1993)\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u300b(London:\u00a0 Routledge)\uff0cpp. 169-195\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u5173\u4e8e\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u66f4\u8fd1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5e38\u5e38\u628a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u539f\u5219\u548c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u548c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u548c\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u9075\u5b88\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u67d0\u4e9b\u79cd\u7c7b\u7edf\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u201d\u3002[\u5361\u5c14\u987f(Canton)]\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u7c73\u5c14\u65af(Mills)\uff0cThe Power Elite , p. 276.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u540c\u6ce823\uff0cp.286\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u7c73\u5c14\u65af\uff0cp. 336.\u9664\u4e86\u4f2f\u5947\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5916.op. cit. pp. 782-185\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u675c\u5a01\u54f2\u5b66\u5728\u53cd\u5bf9\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u574e\u8d1d\u5c14(James Campbell)\u00a0 (1995),\u300a\u7406\u89e3\u675c\u5a01\u300b\uff0cpp. 235-265\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u4ea8\u5229\uff0cp. 20\u3002\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6234\u4f0a(Thomas R. Dye)\u00a0 (1995) ,\u300a\u8c01\u5728\u7edf\u6cbb\u7f8e\u56fd?\u300b\uff0cp. 8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e1976\u5e74\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u548c\u798f\u7279\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7248\u672c\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u5361\u7279\u65f6\u671f(1979)\uff0c\u91cc\u6839\u65f6\u671f(1983)\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u65f6\u671f(1986)\u548c\u5e03\u4ec0\u65f6\u4ee3(1990)\u3002\u548c\u201c\u6743\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cDye\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u673a\u6784\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u52fe\u7ed3\u201d\u7684\u5408\u6d41\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u670915%\u7684\u6743\u529b\u804c\u52a1\u6240\u6709\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u804c\u52a1\uff0c30\u5199\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002(p. 167)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u718a\u5f7c\u7279(Joseph A.Schumpeter) (1947),\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248(London:\u00a0 Allen and Unwin)\uff0cp. 269\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u8fd9\u7c7b\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u8428\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u4f5b(Samuel Stouffer)\u00a0 (1955) &gt;\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u6c11\u6743\u300b(Garden City: Double Day) ; \u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u6d1b\u65af\u57fa(Herbert McCloskey)\u00a0 (1964) &gt;\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b58;\u00a0 361-82; \u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6234\u4f0a\u548c\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c\u52d2(Herman Seigler)\u00a0 (1987) ,\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u8bbd\u300b\u7b2c7\u7248(Monterey:\u00a0 Brooks\/Cole); \u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u6d1b\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u963f\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u5c14(Alida Brill)(1983),\u300a\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6:\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u600e\u4e48\u770b\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531?\u300b(New York:\u00a0 Russell Sage);\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u5df4\u5974\u59c6(David G. Barnum)\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8428\u5229\u6587(John L. Sallivan)\u00a0 (1988),\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b18\uff1a604-14\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> \u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u66fc(Paul M. Sniderman)\u548c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5f17\u83b1\u5f7b(Joseph F. Fletcher)\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u62c9\u585e\u5c14(Peter H. Russell)\u3001\u83f2\u5229\u6d66\u00b7\u7279\u7f57\u514b(Philip E. Tetlock)\u3001\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u6839\u65af(Brian J. Games)\u00a0 (1991),\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef:\u7cbe\u82f1\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u627f\u8bfa\u201d\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b21.3\u00a0 (Jul);\u00a0 349-70\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u4e13\u8457\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u8ff0:\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u66fc(Paul M. Sniderman)\u548c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5f17\u83b1\u5f7b(Joseph F. Fletcher)\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u62c9\u585e\u5c14(Peter H. Russell)\u3001\u83f2\u5229\u6d66\u00b7\u7279\u7f57\u514b(Philip E. Tetlock)\u00a0 (1996 ) ,\u300a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u300b(New haven;\u00a0 Yale University press)\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u5206\u5b50\u66f4\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u9605\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5409\u5e03\u68ee(James L. Gibson) (1988),\u201c\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u7ea2\u8272\u6050\u6016\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u8feb\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b82:\u00a0 511-30.\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u9605\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u66fc\u5c0f\u7ec4\u548c\u6587\u683c\u7f57\u5f17\u548c\u83ab\u987f(Vengroff and Morton)\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5ba3\u79f0\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7a81\u51fa\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u5dee\u522b\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u533a\u57df\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u6311\u6218\u7cbe\u82f1\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u6587\u683c\u7f57\u5f17(Richard Vengroff)\u548c\u83ab\u987f(F. L. Morton)\u00a0 (2000) ,\u201c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u5baa\u7ae0\u7684\u533a\u57df\u89c6\u89d2:\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u518d\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b33.2\u00a0 (Jun):\u00a0 359-82; Paul Sniderman\uff0c Joseph F. Fletcher,\u00a0 Peter H. Russell,\u00a0 Philip E. Tetlock&gt;\u00a0 Markus Prior (2000) ,\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u518d\u8003\u5bdf:\u56de\u5e94\u6587\u683c\u7f57\u5f17\u548c\u83ab\u987f\u201d\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b33.3 (Sep);\u00a0 569-86;\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u6587\u683c\u7f57\u5f17\u548c\u83ab\u987f(2001) ,\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u518d\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u518d\u8003\u5bdf\u201d\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b34.1 (Mar);\u00a0 169-73.\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u6bd4\u5229(Frank Bealy)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6982\u62ec\u7cbe\u82f1\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b17.3 (1996): 319-310\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> \u7f57\u5a01\u5c14\u00b7\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u683c\u5229\uff0cP. 3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> \u5bf9\u6bd4\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01\u5728\u300a\u516c\u4f17\u53ca\u5176\u95ee\u9898\u300b\u4e2d\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c:\u201c\u53cb\u7231\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u3002p.329\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> \u5982\u679c\u7b14\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u8d34\u4e0a\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u675c\u5a01\u5f0f\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u201c\u793e\u7fa4\u751f\u6d3b\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8eab\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f53\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u53cb\u7231\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6551\u836f\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> \u5361\u5c14\u987f\uff0cp. 19\u3002\u5361\u5c14\u987f\u8fd8\u76f8\u4fe1\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u7cbe\u82f1\u201c\u613f\u610f\u7ed9\u4e88\u4eba\u4eec\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u597d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u4f1a\u906d\u5230\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u62d2\u7edd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> \u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u6301\u6279\u8bc4\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u9884\u8bbe\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u962e\u82f1\u4fca(A. T. Nuyen) (2001),\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u54f2\u5b66\u300b11. 2\uff1a61-71\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> \u53c2\u9605\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b6. 4\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b54\u5b50\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c\u5189\u6709\u7ed9\u5b50\u534e\u6bcd\u4eb2\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u7c9f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5b50\u534e\u7684\u624d\u5fb7\u4e0d\u914d\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b50\u534e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u5bcc\u8db3\u4e86\u3002\u8fd8\u53ef\u53c2\u9605\u5218\u6bbf\u7235\u8bd1\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b1B5\u00a0 (1970),\u00a0 (Harmondsworth;\u00a0 Penguin),\u00a0 p.65; \u9648\u7956\u4e3a(Joseph Chan)\uff082001\uff09\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5112\u5bb6\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u6587\u5316\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u575b\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a>\u300a\u8340\u5b50\u300b(\u738b\u5236\u7bc7\u7b2c\u4e5d)\u5728\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8bfa\u5e03\u7f57\u514b(John Knoblock)\u7ffb\u8bd1(1990)\u300a\u8340\u5b50\u5168\u96c6:\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u300b(Stanford;\u00a0 Stanford University Press)\uff0cvo1.II,p.98\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> \u5173\u4e8e\u5b54\u5b50\u201c\u5dee\u522b\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u7684\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u9648\u7d20\u82ac(Sor-hoon Tan)\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u675c\u5a01\u5f0f\u91cd\u5efa\u300b(2004)\u00a0 (Albany:\u00a0 State University of New York Press)\uff0c98-112\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> \u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1(Ronald Dworkin)\u00a0 (2000) ,\u300a\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7:\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b(Cambridge:\u00a0 Harvard University Press) \uff0cp. 204\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u501f\u7528\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8981\u6c42\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5bf9\u9009\u62e9\u654f\u611f\u548c\u975e\u654f\u611f\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6307\u201c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6b63\u786e\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b63\u4e49\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u503e\u5411\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u5206\u914d\u201d\uff0c\u4f53\u7f5a\uff0c\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u5219\u95f4\u9898\u7b49\u548c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u7684\u5bf9\u9009\u62e9\u975e\u654f\u611f\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u8d85\u8d8a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49 \u9648\u7d20\u82ac\u8457\uff1b \u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66 \u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u4eba\u6587\u7cbe\u795e\u7814\u7a76\u00b7\u7b2c\u4e09\u8f91\u300b,\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 2&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/2018\/04\/23\/%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac%ef%bc%8c%e8%b6%85%e8%b6%8a%e7%b2%be%e8%8b%b1%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89\/\"><span>Read More<\/span><i>&#43;<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[38,52],"tags":[46,53,66,67],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/205"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=205"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":206,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/205\/revisions\/206"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=205"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=205"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}