{"id":221,"date":"2018-04-23T05:01:14","date_gmt":"2018-04-23T05:01:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/?p=221"},"modified":"2018-05-30T18:06:45","modified_gmt":"2018-05-30T18:06:45","slug":"%e9%bb%84%e7%8e%89%e9%a1%ba%ef%bc%8c%e5%9b%bd%e6%b0%91%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%84%92%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/2018\/04\/23\/%e9%bb%84%e7%8e%89%e9%a1%ba%ef%bc%8c%e5%9b%bd%e6%b0%91%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%84%92%e5%ad%a6\/","title":{"rendered":"\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66–\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b<\/h3>\n

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\n\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6743\u4e8e\u8fdb\u6b65\u5112\u5b66\u7f51<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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1.\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u519c\u8015\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b97\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4ee5\u5b97\u65cf\u4e3a\u751f\u4ea7\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u201c\u7537\u8015\u5973\u7ec7\u201d\u662f\u5176\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5199\u7167\u3002\u636e\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u8f7d\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u5c3d\u7ba1\u662f\u201c\u52b3\u5fc3\u8005\u6cbb\u4eba\u201d[6]<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u52b3\u5fc3\u6cbb\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ba1\u7406\u519c\u8015\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u5b50\u9002\u8bf8\u4faf\u66f0\u5de1\u72e9\uff0c\u8bf8\u4faf\u671d\u4e8e\u5929\u5b50\u66f0\u8ff0\u804c\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5929\u5b50\u89c6\u5bdf\u3001\u8bf8\u4faf\u6c47\u62a5\u662f\u5426\u201c\u571f\u5730\u8f9f\uff0c\u7530\u91ce\u6cbb\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u571f\u5730\u8352\u829c\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u201c\u6625\u7701\u8015\u800c\u8865\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u79cb\u7701\u655b\u800c\u52a9\u4e0d\u7ed9\u201d\u3002[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

2.\u57fa\u672c\u6240\u6709\u5236\uff1a\u571f\u5730\u516c\u6709\u5236\u3002\u6b64\u5373\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u300b\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6ea5\u5929\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u83ab\u975e\u738b\u571f\u201d[8]<\/a>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u516c\u6709\u201d\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u738b\u5ba4\u5b97\u65cf\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u201c\u5171\u6709\u201d\uff1b\u8bf8\u4faf\u53ea\u6709\u6240\u5c01\u571f\u5730\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\u3001\u7ecf\u8425\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u6240\u6709\u6743\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u53ef\u88ab\u892b\u593a\u3002<\/p>\n

3.\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f62\u6001\uff1a\u5b97\u65cf\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4ee5\u7236\u7cfb\u8840\u7f18\u4e3a\u7ebd\u5e26\u7684\u5b97\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\u90fd\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5927\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e00\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5217\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u662f\u201c\u5144\u5f1f\u960b\u4e8e\u5899\u201d[9]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

4.\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4f53\uff1a\u5b97\u65cf\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u5b97\u65cf\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7236\u7cfb\u8840\u7f18\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7236\u4e4b\u515a\u4e3a\u5b97\u65cf\u201d[10]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

5.\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\uff1a\u738b\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u8bf8\u4faf\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u738b\u6743\uff08\u53d7\u5c01\uff09\u3001\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u738b\u6743\uff08\u5c0a\u738b\uff09\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u300b\u5c0a\u738b\u201d\u5373\u6e90\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

6.\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\uff1a\u738b\u65cf\u53ca\u8bf8\u4faf\u5b97\u65cf\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u8bf8\u4faf\u5168\u90e8\u4e3b\u6743\u7686\u5f52\u4e8e\u738b\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u738b\u6743\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5929\u5b50\u6709\u6743\u5e72\u9884\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u90e8\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n

7.\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u8d35\u65cf\u5171\u548c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e76\u975e\u540e\u6765\u7687\u6743\u201c\u4e7e\u7eb2\u72ec\u65ad\u201d\u7684\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u201d\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5171\u548c\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u5468\u53ec\u5171\u548c\u201d\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u201c\u865a\u541b\u5171\u548c\u201d[12]<\/a>\uff0c\u5e38\u6001\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u8c13\u201c\u5b9e\u541b\u5171\u548c\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5929\u5b50\u4e0e\u8bf8\u4faf\u3001\u537f\u5927\u592b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5206\u6743\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\uff08republic\uff09\uff08\u5373\u6c49\u8bd1\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

8.\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\uff1a\u738b\u56fd-\u5217\u56fd\u5c01\u5efa\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b97\u4e3b\u56fd\u4e0e\u82e5\u5e72\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u6784\u6210\u7684\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u81ea\u5929\u5b50\u81f3\u8bf8\u4faf\u5927\u592b\u7b49\u6784\u6210\u5927\u5b97\u4e0e\u5c0f\u5b97\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u5b50\u5efa\u56fd\uff0c\u5219\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e8e\u56fd\u4e3a\u5927\u5b97\uff0c\u5bf9\u5929\u5b50\u8a00\u5219\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5b97\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u8bf8\u4faf\u7acb\u5bb6\uff0c\u5219\u537f\u4e8e\u5bb6\u4e3a\u5927\u5b97\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bf8\u4faf\u5219\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5b97\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u537f\u7f6e\u4fa7\u5ba4\uff0c\u5927\u592b\u4e8c\u5b97\uff0c\u58eb\u4e4b\u96b6\u5b50\u5f1f\u7b49\uff0c\u7686\u53ef\u63a8\u800c\u8457\u89c1\u4e5f\u201d\u3002[13]<\/a> \u8fd9\u79cd\u5b97\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u57fa\u4e8e\u7236\u7cfb\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u201c\u5bb6-\u56fd-\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\u540c\u6784\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u6709\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u300b\u201c\u5bb6\u9f50\u800c\u540e\u56fd\u6cbb\uff0c\u56fd\u6cbb\u800c\u540e\u5929\u4e0b\u5e73\u201d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

9.\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u5b97\u65cf\u5b97\u6cd5\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

* \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u793e\u4f1a\u5927\u8f6c\u578b<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5b97\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u5411\u7687\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7279\u522b\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u533a\u5206\u201c\u5b97\u65cf\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5bb6\u65cf\u201d\uff1a\u65e9\u671f\u5b97\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b97\u65cf\uff08clan family\uff09\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u6c0f\u65cf\u90e8\u843d\uff08Clan tribe\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u540e\u6765\u5bb6\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\uff08home family\uff09\u5219\u662f\u5b97\u65cf\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u5c3d\u7ba1\u90fd\u6709\u201c\u5b97\u6cd5\u201d\uff08patriarchal clan system\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u7236\u7cfb\u8840\u7f18\u4e3a\u7ebd\u5e26\u3001\u6309\u5ae1\u5eb6\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u4eb2\u758f\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u79e6\u6c49\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5e9f\u5c01\u5efa\uff0c\u884c\u90e1\u53bf\uff0c\u90e1\u53bf\u5e9c\u9053\u53ca\u85e9\u5c5e\u56fd\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0d\u518d\u6309\u5b97\u6cd5\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u201c\u5c01\u5efa\u5e9f\u800c\u5927\u5b97\u4e4b\u6cd5\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u5219\u5c0f\u5b97\u4ea6\u65e0\u636e\u4f9d\u800c\u8d77\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5b97\u5b50\u9042\u6613\u4e3a\u65cf\u957f\u201d[15]<\/a>\uff0c\u65cf\u957f\u6240\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5b97\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002\u5b97\u65cf\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u5c31\u662f\u7956\u5e99\u201c\u5b97\u5e99\u201d\u3002\u5b97\u65cf\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5929\u5b50\u3001\u8bf8\u4faf\u3001\u537f\u5927\u592b\u3001\u58eb\u90fd\u6709\u5b97\u5e99\uff0c\u201c\u5929\u5b50\u4e03\u5e99\uff0c\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e94\u5e99\uff0c\u5927\u592b\u4e09\u5e99\uff0c\u58eb\u4e00\u5e99\u201d[16]<\/a>\uff1b\u800c\u5230\u4e86\u5bb6\u65cf\u7687\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5b97\u5e99\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7687\u65cf\u72ec\u6709\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u4e0d\u6562\u6709\u5b97\u5e99\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u5149\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5148\u738b\u4e4b\u5236\uff0c\u81ea\u5929\u5b50\u81f3\u5b98\u5e08\u7686\u6709\u5e99\u3002\u2026\u2026\u53ca\u79e6\u2026\u2026\u52a1\u5c0a\u541b\u5351\u81e3\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5929\u5b50\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u65e0\u6562\u8425\u5b97\u5e99\u8005\u3002\u6c49\u4e16\u516c\u537f\u8d35\u4eba\uff0c\u591a\u5efa\u7960\u5802\u4e8e\u5893\u6240\u2026\u2026\u5e99\u5236\u9042\u7edd\u3002\u201d[17]<\/a> \u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u571f\u5730\u516c\u6709\u5236\u5411\u571f\u5730\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u7687\u6743\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ee7\u5b97\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u800c\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u81ea\u79e6\u4ee3\u81f3\u6e05\u4ee3\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u662f\u7687\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u7b80\u8981\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

1.\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u519c\u8015\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5bb6\u65cf\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u805a\u65cf\u800c\u5c45\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5b97\u65cf\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e00\u5bb6\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e00\u5b97\u201d\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

2.\u57fa\u672c\u6240\u6709\u5236\uff1a\u571f\u5730\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u3002\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u571f\u5730\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u7684\u662f\u5730\u4e3b\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

3.\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f62\u6001\uff1a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5bb6\u65cf\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u8363\u8a89\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7236\u8981\u5b50\u4ea1\uff0c\u5b50\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ea1\u201d\u5b9e\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

4.\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4f53\uff1a\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u59cb\u4e8e\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u592b\u4e4b\u201c\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u65e5\u6e10\u5f3a\u52bf\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u201c\u966a\u81e3\u6267\u56fd\u547d\u201d[18]<\/a>\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u3002[19]<\/a> \u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u58eb\u65cf\u201d\u201c\u5bd2\u65cf\u201d\u201c\u4e16\u65cf\u201d\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002\u6c49\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u58eb\u65cf\u5f3a\u52bf\uff1b\u81ea\u5317\u9b4f\u5b5d\u6587\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e16\u65cf\u5174\u8d77\uff1b\u5510\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u58eb\u65cf\u590d\u76db\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u4f7f\u5bd2\u65cf\u4e5f\u5f97\u4ee5\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5404\u5927\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n

5.\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\uff1a\u7687\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u6b64\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u201d\uff08autocracy\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

6.\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\uff1a\u7687\u65cf\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u201csovereignty\u201d\uff08\u4e3b\u6743\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u672c\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u7684\u541b\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u541b\u201d\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u6307\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u56fd\u65cf\uff08\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u524d\u8eab\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u541b\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bb2\uff0c\u7687\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7687\u5e1d\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7687\u65cf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u53ea\u662f\u7687\u65cf\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n

7.\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u5bb0\u8f85\u5236\u5ea6\u3002[20]<\/a> \u8fd9\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u7edd\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n

8.\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\uff1a\u5e1d\u56fd-\u85e9\u56fd\u671d\u8d21\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b97\u4e3b\u56fd\u4e0e\u82e5\u5e72\u85e9\u5c5e\u56fd\u6784\u6210\u7684\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u79e9\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u738b\u6743\u5c01\u5efa\u65f6\u4ee3\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b97\u6cd5\u8840\u7f18\u7684\u201c\u5bb6-\u56fd-\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n

9.\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5b97\u6cd5\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5bb6\u65cf\u65f6\u4ee3\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5b97\u65cf\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5b97\u6cd5\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u4f26\u7406\u4e5f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b97\u6cd5\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4ee5\u5b5d\u6cbb\u5929\u4e0b\u201d[21]<\/a>\u3002\u6545\u300a\u5b5d\u7ecf\u300b\u4e3b\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u79fb\u5b5d\u4f5c\u5fe0\u201d[22]<\/a>\uff1b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u5510\u7384\u5b97\u674e\u9686\u57fa\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u6781\u4e3a\u6fc0\u8d4f\uff0c\u4eb2\u64b0\u300a\u5b5d\u7ecf\u6ce8\u300b\u5f70\u663e\u4e4b\u3002[23]<\/a> \u7136\u800c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u79fb\u201d\u5b57\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u201c\u5fe0\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5b5d\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5df2\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u8054\u3002\u540e\u4e16\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5fe0\u5b5d\u96be\u4e24\u5168\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u201c\u5b5d\u201d\u548c\u5bf9\u7687\u5ba4\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u201c\u5fe0\u201d\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u77db\u76fe\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

* \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u793e\u4f1a\u5927\u8f6c\u578b<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u8fd1\u4ee3\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u5f53\u4ee3\uff0c\u5747\u5c5e\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff1a\u7531\u7687\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u5411\u6c11\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u7531\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8f6c\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u8eab\u5904\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u8fd9\u6b21\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u518d\u6b21\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u201c\u767e\u5bb6\u4e89\u9e23\u201d\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u8c13\u4e4b\u201c\u65b0\u8f74\u5fc3\u671f\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u518d\u521b\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d[24]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u6c11\u6743\u56fd\u65cf\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\u63d0\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4e2d\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff08civil society\uff09\uff08\u6216\u8bd1\u201c\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff09\u662f\u6307\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\uff09\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u4f53\uff09\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u975e\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u3001\u975e\u76c8\u5229\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08NGO\uff09\u3001\u793e\u533a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u5de5\u4f1a\u3001\u6148\u5584\u56e2\u4f53\u7b49\uff1b\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e43\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c08\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff08civic society\uff09\u5219\u662f\u6307\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5916\u5ef6\u4e0a\u91cd\u5408\uff0c\u552f\u5176\u610f\u5728\u4fa7\u91cd\u63ed\u793a\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u3001\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b97\u65cf\u6216\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u5c31\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5219\u662f\u6c11\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u7b80\u8981\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

1.\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u5de5\u5546\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u519c\u6751\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8d8b\u5411\u6d88\u4ea1\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

2.\u6240\u6709\u5236\uff1a\u4ee5\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u6240\u6709\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

3.\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f62\u6001\uff1a\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\uff08nuclear family\uff09\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

4.\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4f53\uff1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u5c24\u987b\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7edd\u975e\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u7531\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u7b49\u3002\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7edd\u975e\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n

5.\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

6.\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\uff1a\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c24\u987b\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\uff08national sovereignty\uff09\u5176\u5b9e\u6700\u7ec8\u6e90\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u6388\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

7.\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

8.\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\uff1a\u56fd\u65cf-\u56fd\u65cf\u4ea4\u5f80\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u56fd\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e73\u7b49\uff1b\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u5f80\u5f80\u5e26\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u5c11\u6570\u5f3a\u52bf\u7684\u56fd\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7740\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n

9.\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u201c\u4eba\u6743\u201d\uff08human rights\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u6307\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e3a\u201cpersonal right\u201d\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u9996\u8981\u7684\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5173\u952e\u662f\u5212\u5206\u201c\u7fa4\u5df1\u6743\u754c\u201d[25]<\/a>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\uff08power\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff08right\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u5112\u5b66\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5f62\u6001<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793e\u4f1a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d8\u8fc1\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5f62\u6001\uff1a<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u738b\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5373\u590f\u5546\u897f\u5468\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5112\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b66\u672f\u6d3e\u522b\uff0c\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u6625\u79cb\u672b\u671f\u624d\u7531\u5b54\u5b50\u521b\u7acb\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u5112\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u5b8f\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u59cb\u4e8e\u5b54\u5b50\uff0c\u81f3\u8fdf\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5468\u516c\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b54\u5b50\u81ea\u79f0\u201c\u8ff0\u800c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u201d\u3001\u603b\u987b\u201c\u68a6\u89c1\u5468\u516c\u201d\u7684\u7f18\u7531\u3002[26]<\/a> \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5112\u5b66\u53e4\u79f0\u201c\u5468\u5b54\u4e4b\u9053\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u5468\u516c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u738b\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5468\u516c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u5e94\u5f53\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u53bb\u770b\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u7406\u7684\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u521d\u6b65\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u201c\u4ec1\u2192\u4e49\u2192\u793c\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u4e13\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5179\u4e0d\u8d58\u8ff0\uff1b[27]<\/a> \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5219\u662f\u5e94\u5bf9\u5b97\u65cf\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f53\u4e0b\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5468\u516c\u5236\u793c\u4f5c\u4e50\u201d\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5236\u793c\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u5b97\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f20\u4e16\u300a\u5468\u793c\u300b\u672a\u5fc5\u5468\u516c\u4eb2\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u8bb0\u53d9\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u897f\u5468\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53f2\u5b9e\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6240\u8f7d\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u89c4\u8303\u786e\u5b9e\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u897f\u5468\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u897f\u5468\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0e\u79e6\u6c49\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u738b\u6743\u5e1d\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\u987a\u4fbf\u8c08\u8c08\u201c\u738b\u9053\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u5112\u5b66\u754c\u9887\u4e3a\u65f6\u9ae6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u540d\u5b9e\u76f8\u526f\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u95ee\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u738b\u201d\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u6307\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u662f\u79e6\u6c49\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u7687\u6743\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u738b\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u738b\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u5929\u4e0b\u5b97\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u53bb\u884c\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u738b\u9053\u201d\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u7684\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u738b\u201d\u5417\uff1f\u82e5\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u884c\u201c\u738b\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u201c\u738b\u9053\u201d\u662f\u6307\u7684\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u975e\u8981\u7528\u201c\u738b\u9053\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u540d\u4e0d\u526f\u5b9e\u3001\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u590d\u53e4\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u540d\u76ee\u5462\uff01<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8f6c\u578b\u671f\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u738b\u9053\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u738b\u6743\u8870\u843d\u7684\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u8bed\u5883\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u201c\u738b\u9738\u4e4b\u8fa8\u201d\u3002\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5b5f\u5b50\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c0a\u5d07\u897f\u5468\u738b\u5ba4\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5230\u5904\u529d\u4eba\u79f0\u738b\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u79f0\u9738\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u79f0\u9738\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u4ec1\u653f\u201d\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b5f\u5b50\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u8d5e\u8d4f\u9738\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u79f0\u8d5e\u201c\u7ba1\u4ef2\u76f8\u6853\u516c\uff0c\u9738\u8bf8\u4faf\uff0c\u4e00\u5321\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d5e\u53f9\u7ba1\u4ef2\u201c\u5982\u5176\u4ec1\uff01\u5982\u5176\u4ec1\uff01\u201d[29]<\/a> \u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u5927\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u738b\u6743\u793e\u4f1a\u5411\u7687\u6743\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u7eb5\u89c2\u6574\u4e2a\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u9010\u6b65\u5f80\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u8d70\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u8340\u5b50\u96c6\u5176\u5927\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u6d88\u8bf4\u3002\u8340\u5b50\u4e0d\u4ec5\u201c\u7ee7\u5f80\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u201c\u5f00\u6765\u201d\uff0c\u5f00\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u97e9\u975e\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6cd5\u5bb6\u3002\u97e9\u975e\u5176\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u201c\u7687\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u603b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u201d\uff1b\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7687\u6743\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u97e9\u975e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8ddf\u5112\u5bb6\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u65e2\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u97e9\u975e\u7684\u5e08\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u97e9\u975e\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9645\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c49\u5112\u5012\u662f\u770b\u5f97\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e05\u695a\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u5bb6\u8005\u6d41\uff0c\u76d6\u51fa\u4e8e\u7406\u5b98\uff0c\u4fe1\u8d4f\u5fc5\u7f5a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8f85\u793c\u5236\u3002\u300a\u6613\u300b\u66f0\u2018\u5148\u738b\u4ee5\u660e\u7f5a\u996c\u6cd5\u2019\uff0c\u6b64\u5176\u6240\u957f\u4e5f\u3002\u53ca\u523b\u8005\u4e3a\u4e4b\uff0c\u5219\u65e0\u6559\u5316\uff0c\u53bb\u4ec1\u7231\uff0c\u4e13\u4efb\u5211\u6cd5\u800c\u6b32\u4ee5\u81f4\u6cbb\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u6b8b\u5bb3\u81f3\u4eb2\uff0c\u4f24\u6069\u8584\u539a\u3002\u201d[30]<\/a> \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cd5\u5bb6\u672c\u6765\u662f\u201c\u8f85\u793c\u5236\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u97e9\u975e\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u5bb6\u3001\u4f8b\u5982\u5546\u9785\u4ea6\u7136\uff1b[31]<\/a> \u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8d70\u5f97\u592a\u504f\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u201c\u53bb\u4ec1\u7231\u201d\uff0c\u80cc\u5f03\u4e86\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u672c\u3002\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6cd5\u5bb6\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u7687\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u79f0\u6c49\u4ee3\u3001\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u7687\u6743\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u6240\u5949\u884c\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u201c\u9633\u5112\u9634\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u65e0\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u524d\u63d0\u5374\u662f\u628a\u6cd5\u5bb6\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u622a\u7136\u5bf9\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u201c\u6c49\u627f\u79e6\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u81ea\u79e6\u4ee3\u81f3\u6e05\u4ee3\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u534e\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u79e6\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u79e6\u5236\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u6240\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u7687\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u800c\u65e0\u53ef\u8fa9\u9a73\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8bba\u8bc1\u662f\u5728\u6c49\u5112\u624b\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u201d[32]<\/a>\uff0c\u5112\u5b66\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5bb6\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u7687\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u6346\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u97e9\u975e\u7684\u7687\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u4ec5\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u7684\u9752\u7750\uff0c\u8fd8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u80fd\u628a\u6cd5\u5bb6\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u622a\u7136\u5bf9\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u5462\uff1f\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ece\u6c49\u4ee3\u5230\u6e05\u4ee3\u7684\u5112\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u6d41\u5747\u53ef\u8c13\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u201c\u987a\u5929\u5e94\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u987a\u5e94\u4e86\u65f6\u4ee3\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u56db\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u8f6c\u578b\u671f\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u5112\u5b66\u8fd8\u5f97\u81ea\u6211\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u679c\u7136\uff0c\u5b8b\u660e\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u8f6c\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5de5\u5546\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5e02\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u5185\u751f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u201d\uff08inherent modernity\uff09\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u76db\u5510\u201d\u4e3a\u5206\u754c\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u662f\u4e0a\u5347\u671f\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u662f\u8870\u843d\u671f\u3002\u6b64\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8870\u843d\u201d\u662f\u6307\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u95f4\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u4e2d\u5174\u201d\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u5c31\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u6210\u957f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5374\u6b63\u662f\u751f\u957f\u671f\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5112\u5b66\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u518d\u6b21\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u5f00\u59cb\u4ea7\u751f\u5177\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5112\u5b66\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u6b64\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u6587\u7ae0\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002[33]<\/a> \u5112\u5b66\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u81f3\u8fdf\u5728\u9633\u660e\u540e\u5b66\u4e2d\u5c31\u5df2\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6211\u6240\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4ee5\u738b\u826e\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6cf0\u5dde\u5b66\u6d3e\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5112\u5b66\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u9ec4\u5b97\u7fb2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u4e0e\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e3a\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5927\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u541b\u800c\u5df2\u77e3\u201d[34]<\/a>\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\u3001\u53ca\u5176\u4f34\u968f\u7684\u5112\u5b66\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b\u5b9e\u5728\u592a\u6f2b\u957f\u3001\u592a\u574e\u5777\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u6c11\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6f2b\u957f\u800c\u574e\u5777\uff0c\u4f46\u5112\u5b66\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6bd5\u7adf\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u6df1\u5165\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u6d17\u793c\u800c\u5174\u8d77\u768420\u4e16\u7eaa\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8001\u5b9e\u8bf4\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5927\u9646\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u201d\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u671b\u5176\u9879\u80cc\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u51fa\u73b0\u67d0\u4e9b\u9006\u6d41\uff0c\u524d\u666f\u582a\u5fe7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u4ee3\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5f20\u541b\u52a2\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u3002\u5f20\u541b\u52a2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08New Liberalism\uff09\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u67d0\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u67d0\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u60c5\u7ed3\u4e0e\u4ed6\u5728\u5112\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u5b8b\u5b66\u201d\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5f20\u541b\u52a2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u79cd\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6bd5\u7adf\u65e0\u6127\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5f20\u541b\u52a2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5165\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff1b\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f20\u541b\u52a2\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f90\u590d\u89c2\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5728\u5112\u5b66\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u878d\u901a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f20\u541b\u52a2\u7b49\u4eba\u8fd8\u505a\u5f97\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5c1a\u5f85\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u5112\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u4f9d\u636e<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5386\u7ecf\u4e0a\u8282\u6240\u8bba\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e07\u53d8\u4e0d\u79bb\u5176\u5b97\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e00\u4ee5\u8d2f\u4e4b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u5f00\u5b97\u660e\u4e49\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u201c\u4ec1\u4e49\u800c\u5df2\u201d[35]<\/a>\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u5112\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4e0b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u51e1\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5747\u5c5e\u653f\u6cbb\uff1b\u800c\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\uff08public matters\uff09\u4e0e\u79c1\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\uff08private matters\uff09\u7684\u5206\u754c\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u9996\u8981\u8bae\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\uff08theory of justice\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\uff08John Rawls\uff09\u7684\u300a\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u300b\uff08A Theory of Justice<\/em>\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u5b97\u660e\u4e49\u8bb2\uff1a\u201c\u6b63\u4e49\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6b63\u50cf\u771f\u7406\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4ef7\u503c\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u201d[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6b63\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u95ee\u9898\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u610f\u4e49\u3002[37]<\/a> \u666e\u904d\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u53e4\u4eca\u4e2d\u5916\u6240\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u201d[38]<\/a>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u5957\u7528\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u540c\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u53ca\u5176\u65f6\u4ee3\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u793c\u201d\u4e4b\u201c\u635f\u76ca\u201d[39]<\/a>\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u793c\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u5efa\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u5217\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u7687\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u5e1d\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u6c11\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u89c4\u8303\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u53eb\u4f5c\u201c\u793c\u5236\u201d\uff1b\u5176\u5916\u5728\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u6027\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u53eb\u4f5c\u201c\u793c\u4eea\u201d\uff1b\u800c\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5219\u53eb\u4f5c\u201c\u793c\u4e49\u201d\uff08\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u793c\u4e49\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u5e76\u5217\u7684\u201c\u793c\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u793c\u4e4b\u4e49\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u793c\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\uff08principle of justice\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u4ec0\u4e48\u6765\u5efa\u6784\u6216\u9009\u62e9\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u5efa\u6784\u6216\u9009\u62e9\u5236\u5ea6\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6839\u636e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u7684\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7ed3\u6784\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e49\u2192\u793c\u201d\uff08\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u2192\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff09\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5b54\u5b50\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4e49\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8d28\uff0c\u793c\u4ee5\u884c\u4e4b\u201d[40]<\/a>\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u662f\u201c\u793c\u201d\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u52a8\u6240\u6839\u636e\u7684\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u201c\u4e49\u201d\uff08\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u4ece\u738b\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u7687\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u8fdb\u800c\u8981\u4ece\u7687\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6c11\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u4ece\u738b\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u7687\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u5b97\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bb6\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u4ece\u7687\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6c11\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u5bb6\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e02\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u9002\u5b9c\u6027\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u6c49\u8bed\u201c\u4e49\u201d\u5b57\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5b9c\u4e5f\u3002\u201d[41]<\/a> \u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5efa\u6784\u6216\u9009\u62e9\u67d0\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5224\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u3001\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u3001\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u3001\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5373\u9002\u5e94\u4e8e\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5112\u5bb6\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6c49\u8bed\u201c\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u6b63\u201d\uff0c\u6070\u5982\u5b5f\u5b50\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4e49\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u6b63\u8def\u4e5f\u201d[42]<\/a>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5efa\u6784\u6216\u9009\u62e9\u67d0\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5224\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4f55\u8c13\u6b63\u5f53\uff1f\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u786e\u7684\uff1a\u4ec1\u5373\u6b63\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec1\u5373\u4e0d\u6b63\u3002\u6545\u5b5f\u5b50\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4ec1\u8005\u5982\u5c04\uff0c\u5c04\u8005\u6b63\u5df1\u800c\u540e\u53d1\u201d[43]<\/a>\uff1b\u201c\u7231\u4eba\u4e0d\u4eb2\uff0c\u53cd\u5176\u4ec1\u2026\u2026\u884c\u6709\u4e0d\u5f97\u8005\uff0c\u7686\u53cd\u6c42\u8bf8\u5df1\uff1b\u5176\u8eab\u6b63\uff0c\u800c\u5929\u4e0b\u5f52\u4e4b\u201d[44]<\/a>\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u53eb\u4f5c\u201c\u5c45\u4ec1\u7531\u4e49\u201d\uff1a\u201c\u4ec1\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u5b89\u5b85\u4e5f\uff1b\u4e49\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u6b63\u8def\u4e5f\u3002\u65f7\u5b89\u5b85\u800c\u5f17\u5c45\uff0c\u820d\u6b63\u8def\u800c\u4e0d\u7531\uff0c\u54c0\u54c9\uff01\u201d[45]<\/a> \u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4ec1\u2192\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b5f\u5b50\u624d\u8bf4\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u201c\u4ec1\u4e49\u800c\u5df2\u201d[46]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4ec1\u7231\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u7231\u201d[47]<\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4f53\u4e4b\u4ec1\u201d[48]<\/a>\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u535a\u7231\u3002\u201c\u535a\u7231\u201d\u672c\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u5982\u97e9\u6108\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u201c\u535a\u7231\u4e4b\u8c13\u4ec1\u201d[49]<\/a>\uff1b\u540e\u6765\u7528\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u897f\u8bed\u7684\u201cfraternity\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e45\u5047\u4e0d\u5f52\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u535a\u7231\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u201cfraternity\u201d\uff08\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u8c0a\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u666e\u904d\u4e4b\u7231\uff08universal love\uff09\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u672c\u771f\u60c5\u611f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u4f53\u4e4b\u4ec1\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u7231\u201d\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7406\u8bba\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u4ec1\u2192\u4e49\u2192\u793c\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\uff1a\u4ec1\u7231\u7cbe\u795e\u2192\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u2192\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4ec1\u2192\u4e49\u2192\u793c\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u666e\u904d\u7684\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u4ec1\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4e49\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u539f\u5219\u4e43\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u793c\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u5219\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u603b\u8d77\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u3001\u5373\u5112\u5bb6\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u51fa\u4e8e\u535a\u7231\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff08\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9e\u60c5\uff08\u9002\u5b9c\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u5efa\u6784\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ece\u738b\u5ba4\u5b97\u65cf\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u7687\u5ba4\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4ece\u7687\u5ba4\u5bb6\u65cf\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u6bd4\u8f83\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u6881\u542f\u8d85\uff1b[50]<\/a> \u4e0a\u9762\u8c08\u5230\u7684\u5f20\u541b\u52a2\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u4f20\u4eba\u3002\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u754c\u5b9a\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u201d\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u56fd\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u4ea7\u4e4b\u79f0\u4e5f\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u6c11\uff0c\u6cbb\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8c0b\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u5229\uff0c\u634d\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u60a3\uff0c\u5176\u6c11\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f97\u800c\u4fae\uff0c\u5176\u56fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f97\u800c\u4ea1\uff0c\u662f\u4e4b\u8c13\u56fd\u6c11\u3002\u201d[51]<\/a> \u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u80fd\u81ea\u5e03\u653f\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u8c13\u4e4b\u56fd\u6c11\u3002\u201d[52]<\/a> \u4ed4\u7ec6\u4f53\u5473\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u542b\u6709\u4e24\u5c42\u610f\u8c13\uff1a\u4e00\u5c42\u610f\u8c13\u662f\u96c6\u5408\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u201cnation\u201d\uff08\u5168\u4f53\u56fd\u6c11\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\uff1b\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u5c42\u610f\u8c13\u5219\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u201ccitizen\u201d\uff08\u516c\u6c11\uff09\u6216\u201ccivilian\u201d\uff08\u5e02\u6c11\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u53ca\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8bf8\u8d24\u5f15\u8fdb\u73b0\u4ee3\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u6c49\u8bed\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u53bb\u7ffb\u8bd1\u201cnation\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u6c49\u8bed\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u53e4\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u8bba\uff0c\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u6307\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5373\u4e0e\u201c\u91ce\u201d\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u56fd\u4eba\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u91ce\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u5212\u5206\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u53c8\u79f0\u201c\u9091\u201d\uff0c\u8bb8\u614e\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u9091\uff1a\u56fd\u4e5f\u3002\u201d[53]<\/a>\u300a\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u5b57\u7684\u201c\u56d7\u8c61\u57ce\u90ed\u4e4b\u5f62\u3002\u201d[54]<\/a> \u4e8c\u6307\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u6b64\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff08state\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u8bb8\u614e\u8bb2\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\uff1a\u90a6\u4e5f\u3002\u201d[55]<\/a>\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u540c\u6e90\u5b57\u201c\u6216\u201d\uff0c\u8bb8\u614e\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u201c\u6216\uff1a\u90a6\u4e5f\u3002\u4ece\u56d7\u3001\u4ece\u6208\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b88\u4e00\u3002\u201d[56]<\/a> \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u6208\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6b66\u88c5\u5b88\u536b\u56fd\u5883\uff1b\u800c\u201c\u56d7\u201d\u5219\u517c\u6709\u57ce\u90ed\u548c\u56fd\u5883\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u6db5<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff08civic politics\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u6e0a\u6e90\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5957\u7528\u6797\u80af\u300a\u845b\u5e95\u65af\u5821\u6f14\u8bb2\u300b\uff08the Gettysburg Address\uff09\u201c\u6c11\u6709\u3001\u6c11\u6cbb\u3001\u6c11\u4eab\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u6797\u80af\u6240\u8c13\u201cthe government of the people, by the people and for the people\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u201cthe politics of the citizens, by the citizens and for the citizens\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u6cbb\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u4eab\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08the three doctrines of civic politics\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

1\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u6709\uff1a\u56fd\u6c11\u638c\u63e1\u6743\u529b<\/p>\n

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2\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u6cbb\uff1a\u56fd\u6c11\u6cbb\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6<\/p>\n

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\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u6cbb\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u5207\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u90fd\u7531\u5168\u4f53\u56fd\u6c11\u4eb2\u529b\u4eb2\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\uff1b\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5173\uff08state organs\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6743\u529b\u673a\u5173\u3001\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u3001\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u3001\u68c0\u5bdf\u673a\u5173\u53ca\u519b\u4e8b\u673a\u5173\u7b49\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u6cbb\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u9664\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6cbb\u7406\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u95f4\u63a5\u6cbb\u7406\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4ecd\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5173\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u6388\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u6839\u672c\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u738b\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7687\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u3002\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u6388\u6743\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

3\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u4eab\uff1a\u56fd\u6c11\u4eab\u6709\u5229\u76ca<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6240\u5728\uff1b\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u4ee5\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8c08\u5230\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\uff08interests\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff08rights\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u843d\u5b9e\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6587\u66fe\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6743\u201d\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u6307\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u4eab\u201d\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u6c11\u751f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u798f\u5229\u201d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u4e25\u590d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u7fa4\u5df1\u6743\u754c\u201d\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5176\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6743\u201d\u5305\u62ec\u6743\u5229\u548c\u6743\u529b\uff1b\u5176\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5df1\u201d\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u4e2a\u4eba\uff1b\u4f46\u5176\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7fa4\u201d\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u3002\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u6709\u201d\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u6cbb\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6743\u529b\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\uff1b\u800c\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u4eab\u201d\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u5e94\u6709\u4e4b\u4e49\u3002\u800c\u201c\u6743\u754c\u201d\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u5219\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5206\u754c\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u5f97\u4fb5\u72af\u79c1\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u201c\u4e09\u6c11\u201d\u4e0d\u514d\u4ee4\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u6c11\u4e3a\u672c\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\uff081\uff09\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u5c31\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u738b\u6743\u6216\u7687\u6743\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5178\u578b\u662f\u201c\u8f7d\u821f\u8986\u821f\u201d\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u3002\u300a\u8340\u5b50\u00b7\u738b\u5236\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u541b\u8005\uff0c\u821f\u4e5f\uff1b\u5eb6\u4eba\u8005\uff0c\u6c34\u4e5f\u3002\u6c34\u5219\u8f7d\u821f\uff0c\u6c34\u5219\u8986\u821f\u3002\u201d[57]<\/a> \u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u6c34\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u821f\u201d\u624d\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u4ee5\u738b\u5ba4\u5b97\u65cf\u6216\u7687\u5ba4\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u884c\u821f\u201d\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u201c\u541b\u201d\u624d\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\uff0c\u89c1\u4e8e\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u00b7\u4e94\u5b50\u4e4b\u6b4c\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u6c11\u60df\u90a6\u672c\uff0c\u672c\u56fa\u90a6\u5b81\u3002\u201d[58]<\/a> \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\u8bb2\u6210\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\uff082\uff09\u4f46\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u5c42\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u800c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\uff1b[59]<\/a> \u5177\u4f53\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ee5\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u4e43\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u53f8\u9a6c\u8c08\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u516d\u5bb6\u8981\u65e8\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u00b7\u592a\u53f2\u516c\u81ea\u5e8f\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401982\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u843d\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u201d\u662f\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u4e0b\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u300a\u5468\u6613\u00b7\u635f\u5f56\u4f20\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5468\u6613\u300b\uff1a\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u5468\u6613\u6b63\u4e49\u300b\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u4e07\u7ae0\u4e0b\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\uff1a\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u5b5f\u5b50\u6ce8\u758f\u300b\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>\u201c\u56fd\u65cf\u201d\uff08nation\uff09\u4e43\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff08modern state\uff09\uff0c\u65e7\u8bd1\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4e0e\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\uff08ethnic \/ nationality\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u53e4\u4eca\u901a\u7528\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff08state\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u6ed5\u6587\u516c\u4e0a\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u544a\u5b50\u4e0b\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u00b7\u5c0f\u96c5\u00b7\u8c37\u98ce\u4e4b\u4ec0\u00b7\u5317\u5c71\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u6bdb\u8bd7\u6b63\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u00b7\u5c0f\u96c5\u00b7\u5e38\u68e3\u300b\u3002\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u300b\uff1a\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u6bdb\u8bd7\u6b63\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>\u300a\u5c14\u96c5\u00b7\u91ca\u4eb2\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5c14\u96c5\u300b\uff1a\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u5c14\u96c5\u6ce8\u758f\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u5b8b\u4ee3\u5b59\u590d\u4f5c\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u5c0a\u738b\u53d1\u5fae\u300b\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5176\u6240\u201c\u53d1\u201d\u4e4b\u201c\u5fae\u201d\uff08\u5fae\u8a00\u5927\u4e49\uff09\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u738b\u6743\u5217\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u5c0a\u738b\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7687\u6743\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u5c0a\u7687\u201d\u3002\u5b59\u590d\uff1a\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u5c0a\u738b\u53d1\u5fae\u300b\uff0c\u65b9\u97ec\u70b9\u6821\uff0c\u300a\u5112\u85cf\u300b\u7cbe\u534e\u7f16\u7b2c92\u518c\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2014\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u5236\u5ea6\u6587\u660e\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u2014\u2014\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u201c\u8bf8\u590f\u65e0\u541b\u201d\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c9\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> [\u6e05]\u9648\u7acb\uff1a\u300a\u767d\u864e\u901a\u758f\u8bc1\u00b7\u5c01\u516c\u4faf\u00b7\u8bba\u4e3a\u4eba\u540e\u300b\u3002\u300a\u767d\u864e\u901a\u758f\u8bc1\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401994\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\uff1a\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u793c\u8bb0\u6b63\u4e49\u300b\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> [\u6e05]\u5218\u5927\u69d0\uff1a\u300a\u65b9\u6c0f\u652f\u7960\u7891\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u5218\u5927\u69d0\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e1990\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u00b7\u738b\u5236\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> \u53f8\u9a6c\u5149\uff1a\u300a\u6587\u6f5e\u516c\u5bb6\u5e99\u7891\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u6e29\u56fd\u6587\u6b63\u516c\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u4e5d\u5377\uff0c\u300a\u56db\u90e8\u4e1b\u520a\u521d\u7f16\u300b\u672c\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861929\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u00b7\u5b63\u6c0f\u300b\u3002\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\uff1a\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u8bba\u8bed\u6ce8\u758f\u300b\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> \u6240\u8c13\u201c\u966a\u81e3\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u53ef\u6307\u8bf8\u4faf\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5929\u5b50\uff09\u3001\u5927\u592b\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bf8\u4faf\uff09\u3001\u5927\u592b\u7684\u5bb6\u81e3\u3002<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>\u201c\u5bb0\u8f85\u201d\u6709\u72ed\u4e49\u4e0e\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e4b\u5206\uff1a\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u7279\u6307\u7687\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5bb0\u76f8\uff1b\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u81f3\u738b\u6743\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u738b\u7b26\u300a\u6f5c\u592b\u8bba\u00b7\u672c\u653f\u300b\u8bf4\u201c\u5468\u516c\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5bb0\u8f85\u4e5f\u201d\u3002\u738b\u7b26\uff1a\u300a\u6f5c\u592b\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6c6a\u7ee7\u57f9\u300a\u6f5c\u592b\u8bba\u7b3a\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401979\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>\u201c\u4ee5\u5b5d\u6cbb\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u59cb\u4e8e\u664b\u671d\uff0c\u4e43\u59cb\u4e8e\u6c49\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e76\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5d\u7ecf\u00b7\u58eb\u7ae0\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u4ee5\u5b5d\u4e8b\u541b\u5219\u5fe0\u3002\u201d\u6ce8\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u79fb\u4e8b\u7236\u5b5d\u4ee5\u4e8b\u4e8e\u541b\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a\u5fe0\u77e3\u3002\u201d\u5510\u7384\u5b97\u300a\u5b5d\u7ecf\u5e8f\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u541b\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e8b\u4eb2\u5b5d\uff0c\u6545\u5fe0\u53ef\u79fb\u4e8e\u541b\u3002\u201d\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u5b5d\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u300b\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>\u300a\u5510\u4f1a\u8981\u00b7\u4fee\u64b0\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5510\u4f1a\u8981\u300b\uff1a\u738b\u6ea5\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u5377\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u3002<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u751f\u6d3b\u5112\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u9762\u5411\u751f\u6d3b\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5112\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u5112\u5b66\u201d\u81ea\u9009\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c40\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> \u4e25\u590d\uff1a\u300a\u7fa4\u5df1\u6743\u754c\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972009\u5e74\u7248\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u662f\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u7a46\u52d2\uff08John Stuart Mill\uff09\u300a\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u300b\uff08On Liberty\uff09\u7684\u6c49\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u521d\u7248\u4e8e1903\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a>\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u00b7\u8ff0\u800c\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u5b9e\u8d28\u53ca\u5176\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u2014\u2014\u5468\u516c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6cb3\u5317\u5b66\u520a\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\uff1b\u4eba\u5927\u590d\u5370\u8d44\u6599\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c7\u671f\u5168\u6587\u8f6c\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u201c\u5468\u793c\u201d\u73b0\u4ee3\u4ef7\u503c\u7a76\u7adf\u4f55\u5728\u2014\u2014\u3008\u5468\u793c\u3009\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\u8be0\u91ca\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u300b2011\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a>\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u00b7\u5baa\u95ee\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> \u73ed\u56fa\uff1a\u300a\u6c49\u4e66\u00b7\u827a\u6587\u5fd7\u00b7\u8bf8\u5b50\u7565\u300b\u3002\u300a\u6c49\u4e66\u300b\uff1a\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401962\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u4ec1\u7231\u4ee5\u5236\u793c\uff0c\u6b63\u4e49\u4ee5\u53d8\u6cd5\uff1a\u4ece\u3008\u5546\u541b\u4e66\u3009\u770b\u6cd5\u5bb6\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u6e0a\u6e90\u53ca\u5176\u53d8\u5f02\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u52a8\u6001\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> \u5e72\u6625\u677e\uff1a\u300a\u5236\u5ea6\u5112\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c3-4\u9875\u3001\u7b2c4\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> \u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u201c\u91cd\u5199\u5112\u5b66\u53f2\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5112\u5b66\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7248\u672c\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u300b2015\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> \u9ec4\u5b97\u7fb2\uff1a\u300a\u539f\u541b\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u660e\u5937\u5f85\u8bbf\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c402011\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u4e0a\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> \u7f57\u5c14\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4f55\u6000\u5b8f\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1988\u5e74\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c3\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u6279\u5224\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6218\u7ebf\u300b2013\u5e74\u7b2c8\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> \u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u2014\u2014\u5112\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u9610\u91ca\u300b\uff0c\u5b89\u5fbd\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2013\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u2014\u2014\u5468\u5b54\u5b5f\u8340\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u300b\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e2015\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a>\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u00b7\u4e3a\u653f\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a>\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u00b7\u536b\u7075\u516c\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a>\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u00b7\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u79bb\u5a04\u4e0a\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u516c\u5b59\u4e11\u4e0a\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u79bb\u5a04\u4e0a\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[45]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u79bb\u5a04\u4e0a\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a>\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u4e0a\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[47]<\/a> \u89c1\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7\u6ed5\u6587\u516c\u4e0a\u300b\u5b5f\u5b50\u4e0e\u58a8\u5bb6\u5937\u5b50\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

[48]<\/a> \u738b\u5b88\u4ec1\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u95ee\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u738b\u9633\u660e\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5434\u5149\u7b49\u7f16\u6821\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e1992\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[49]<\/a> \u97e9\u6108\uff1a\u300a\u539f\u9053\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u97e9\u660c\u9ece\u6587\u96c6\u6821\u6ce8\u300b\uff0c\u9a6c\u5176\u6636\u6821\u6ce8\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e1986\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[50]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u5fb7\u6210\uff1a\u300a\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u897f\u5b89\u7535\u5b50\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff092005\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

[51]<\/a> \u6881\u542f\u8d85\uff1a\u300a\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u9009\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1984\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c217-218\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[52]<\/a> \u6881\u542f\u8d85\uff1a\u300a\u65b0\u6c11\u8bf4\u300b\uff0c\u8fbd\u5b81\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1994\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c68\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[53]<\/a> \u8bb8\u614e\uff1a\u300a\u8bf4\u6587\u89e3\u5b57\u00b7\u9091\u90e8\u300b\u3002\u300a\u8bf4\u6587\u89e3\u5b57\u300b\uff0c\u5927\u5f90\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401963\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[54]<\/a> \u5f90\u4e2d\u8212\uff1a\u300a\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u5b57\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u8f9e\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[55]<\/a> \u8bb8\u614e\uff1a\u300a\u8bf4\u6587\u89e3\u5b57\u00b7\u56d7\u90e8\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[56]<\/a> \u8bb8\u614e\uff1a\u300a\u8bf4\u6587\u89e3\u5b57\u00b7\u6208\u90e8\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

[57]<\/a>\u300a\u8340\u5b50\u300b\uff1a\u738b\u5148\u8c26\u300a\u8340\u5b50\u96c6\u89e3\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u7f16\u8bf8\u5b50\u96c6\u6210\u300b\u672c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401988\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[58]<\/a>\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u300b\uff1a\u300a\u5341\u4e09\u7ecf\u6ce8\u758f\u00b7\u5c1a\u4e66\u6b63\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

[59]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u9ec4\u7389\u987a\uff1a\u300a\u201c\u6c11\u672c\u201d\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u5b9e\u8d28\u53ca\u5176\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u2014\u2014\u5468\u516c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6cb3\u5317\u5b66\u520a\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5112\u5b66–\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b \u9ec4\u7389\u987a\u8457\uff1b \u5c71\u4e1c\u5927\u5b66 \u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u4e1c\u5cb3\u8bba\u4e1b\u300b2015\u5e74\u7b2c11\u671f\uff0c…<\/p>\n

Read More<\/span>+<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[38,79],"tags":[88,89,90],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/221"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=221"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/221\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":222,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/221\/revisions\/222"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=221"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=221"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=221"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}