{"id":184,"date":"2018-04-16T05:25:12","date_gmt":"2018-04-16T05:25:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/?p=184"},"modified":"2018-04-16T05:25:12","modified_gmt":"2018-04-16T05:25:12","slug":"%e5%ae%89%e9%9d%96%e5%a6%82%ef%bc%8c%e4%ba%ba%e6%9d%83%e4%b8%8e%e5%92%8c%e8%b0%90","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/2018\/04\/16\/%e5%ae%89%e9%9d%96%e5%a6%82%ef%bc%8c%e4%ba%ba%e6%9d%83%e4%b8%8e%e5%92%8c%e8%b0%90\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5b89\u9756\u5982\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/sa_photo-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-818 \" src=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/sa_photo-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"149\" height=\"149\" \/><\/a>\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10<\/h3>\n<p>\u5b89\u9756\u5982(Stephen C. Angle) \u8457\uff1b\u6881\u6d9b\u8bd1<br \/>\n\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u601d\u5927\u5b66<br \/>\n<strong>\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e<\/strong>\u6881\u6d9b\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\uff1a\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u89c6\u57df\u4e0b\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u7b2c331-348\u9875<br \/>\n\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6743\u4e8e\u8fdb\u6b65\u5112\u5b66\u7f51<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u6682\u65e0<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u725f\u5b97\u4e09<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/\u5b89\u9756\u5982\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u4e0b\u8f7dPDF\u7248\u672c<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u9605\u8bfb\u5168\u6587\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5b89\u9756\u5982<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u601d\u5927\u5b66<\/p>\n<p>\u6881\u6d9b\u8bd1<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u64b0\u5199\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u6b63\u70ed\u70c8\u731c\u6d4b\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f88\u5feb\u4f1a\u4fee\u8ba2\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u628a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u5217\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7406\u60f3\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u6b212004\u5e74\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u8ba2\u4e2d\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u627f\u8bfa\u5e76\u975e\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u201c\u5e8f\u8a00\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u4e0d\u5c11\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u4eba\u6743\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\u62c5\u5f53\u4ec0\u4e48\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u4f1a\u5426\u8ba4\u771f\u5c65\u884c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u7b49\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u5e76\u4e14\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4f18\u5148\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u540c\u65f6\u505a\u51fa\u627f\u8bfa\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5f20\u529b\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7406\u7531\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u96be\u4ee5\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u8c08\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e24\u5927\u4ef7\u503c\u6765\u81ea\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e76\u65e0\u7279\u6b8a\u7406\u7531\u53bb\u671f\u671b\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u534f\u8c03\u5171\u5b58\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5f00\u5c55\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff1a\u4eba\u6743\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u4e0d\u80fd\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u5e95\u7ebf\uff0c\u800c\u548c\u8c10\u5219\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u96be\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u5411\u5f80\u4e4b\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u671f\u671b\u5b83\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5f00\u5c55\u5982\u6b64\u8fe5\u5f02\uff0c\u5219\u4efb\u4f55\u540c\u65f6\u5b9e\u73b0\u6216\u540c\u7b49\u73cd\u89c6\u5b83\u4eec\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u66f4\u4e3a\u770b\u91cd\u548c\u8c10\u2014\u2014\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u770b\u6765\u6ce8\u5b9a\u9677\u5165\u6df7\u4e71\u6216\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u5404\u81ea\u594b\u529b\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e00\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4e0d\u6b63\u662f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0d\u548c\u8c10\u5417\uff1f\u5c31\u6b64\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u5c82\u975e\u7b49\u4e8e\u8981\u6c42\u727a\u7272\u4e00\u5df1\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5417\uff1f\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u80fd\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u4f46\u5fe7\u8651\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff1a\u4eba\u6743\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u4f46\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5374\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d7\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u53d8\u9879\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u4e3a\u4e0d\u8bb2\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u4e13\u65ad\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u65e8\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\uff1a\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u4e0e\u8c10\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u5efa\u5236\u4e2d\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u660e\u663e\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3001\u975e\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u9610\u660e\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bba\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5229\u7528\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53c2\u8003\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5f53\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6fc0\u53d1\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u6240\u5229\u75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despite distinctiveness\uff09\uff0c\u53bb\u53f7\u53ec\u4eba\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u5e76\u4e14\u786e\u5b9e\u62e5\u6709\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u63a2\u7a76\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bae\u9898\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u6709\u6839\u636e\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u6211\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u4ee5\u5f80\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u88ab\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u53bb\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e8c\u8005\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u521a\u624d\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8bba\u70b9\u4e0d\u5355\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4ea6\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4f46\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u8fd9\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6709\u6839\u7684\u5168\u7403\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff08rooted global philosophy\uff09\uff0c\u6307\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u53bb\u4ece\u4e8b\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5df2\u88ab\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8981\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4fdd\u6301\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u591a\u6837\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>1<\/strong><strong>\u3001\u5112\u5b66\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u63a5\u7740\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u770b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u65e0\u9700\u505a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u6982\u8ff0\u5112\u5bb6\u9610\u91ca\u201c\u548c\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u7684\u8d34\u5207\u7ffb\u8bd1\u662f\u201charmony\u201d\uff08\u548c\u8c10\uff09\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u97f3\u4e50\u4e0e\u70f9\u996a\u4f5c\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff1a\u548c\u8c10\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u5dee\u5f02\uff08complementary differences\uff09\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6750\u6599\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6c64\u53d8\u5f97\u7f8e\u5473\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e50\u5668\u5408\u594f\u51fa\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u4e50\u66f2\u3002\u201c\u548c\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u540c\u201d\uff08uniformity\uff09\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5473\u9053\u3001\u58f0\u97f3\u3001\u610f\u89c1\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u574f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u548c\u8c10\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e9b\u6210\u89c4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u5c31\u7b97\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u548c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u4f46\u548c\u8c10\u4f9d\u7136\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u52a8\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u540e\u671f\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u8fd8\u610f\u6307\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u4e0e\u4e92\u901a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5343\u4e07\u4e0d\u8981\u628a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u4e07\u7269\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u7406\u60f3\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u540c\u201d\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u610f\u6307\u57fa\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u5dee\u5f02\u53bb\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u673a\u7684\u5185\u5728\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u628a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff08\u751a\u6216\u5929\u5730\u4e07\u7269\uff09\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5212\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u4ee5\u4e3a\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u63d0\u5021\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5e76\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u5f53\u6743\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u70b9\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5185\u542b\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u5bf9\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\uff08unity\uff09\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5112\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u4eba\u5df1\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff1a\u6211\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u4e0e\u6211\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u3001\u5b69\u5b50\u3001\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u3001\u5fd7\u540c\u9053\u5408\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u8fde\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u656c\u91cd\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u5f53\u6743\u8005\uff08\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u3001\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u3001\u5728\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u548c\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u540c\u201d\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u5374\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u727a\u7272\u201d\u548c\u201c\u670d\u4ece\u201d\u4e4b\u8bf4\u7684\u8bef\u5bfc\u3002\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\uff08uniform\uff09\u6216\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u7684\u5fe0\uff0c\u4f1a\u4ee4\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u6bd4\u7b80\u76f4\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u727a\u7272\u90fd\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\u3001\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u9886\u5bfc\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u673a\u68b0\u670d\u4ece\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5112\u8005\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u201c\u540c\u201d\uff08uniformity\uff09\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4e5f\u5931\u5374\u4e86\u548c\u8c10\u3002\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6765\u81ea\u5b83\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff09\u88ab\u534f\u8c03\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u6d88\u6cef\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u548c\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5112\u8005\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u53ef\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\u5f53\u5112\u8005\u8c08\u8bba\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\uff08\u4e0e\u201c\u540c\u201d\u76f8\u5bf9\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f88\u591a\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4ef7\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u548c\u8c10\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u975e\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u88ab\u5438\u5f15\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u970d\u5e03\u8c6a\u65af\uff08Hobhouse\uff09\u6216\u62c9\u65af\u57fa\uff08Laski\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u91cd\u89c6\u548c\u8c10\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u540c\u201d\u7684\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u7eb3\u2014\u2014\u63d0\u5021\u4e2a\u4eba\u727a\u7272\u548c\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u670d\u4ece\u2014\u2014\u5374\u51fa\u73b0\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fee\u8f9e\u4e2d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>\u5728\u63a2\u6c42\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u5fc3\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u201c\u548c\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u540c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong><strong>\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u6743<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7b80\u8ff0\u548c\u8c10\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u8ba8\u8bba\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u610f\u5473\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u80cc\u666f\u91cc\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ba9\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u5171\u5b58\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5112\u8005\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4eba\u6743\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5112\u5bb6\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u660e\u786e\u63a5\u53d7\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u522b\u5177\u6167\u773c\u5730\u770b\u51fa\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6743\u5229\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u89e3\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u6b63\u53ef\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u8c10\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u5185\u542b\u4e8e\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u6108\u6765\u6108\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u5065\u5168\u4eba\u683c\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4f46\u201c\u5065\u5168\u4eba\u683c\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u4ef0\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u660e\u786e\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>\u4f46\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u5ba3\u5e03\u80dc\u5229\u2014\u2014\u201c\u770b\u5230\u5427\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5206\u660e\u53ef\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u76f8\u79f0\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u51b2\u7a81\u201d\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u5f85\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u548c\u8c10\u89c2\u5ff5\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4f46\u5f53\u9762\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5374\u5f80\u5f80\u663e\u9732\u5185\u5728\u7684\u542b\u6df7\u751a\u81f3\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u89e3\u8fd8\u672a\u80fd\u5982\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u6709\u529b\u652f\u6301\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u8d28\u7591\u4ea6\u663e\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u867d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u540c\u6837\u73cd\u89c6\uff0c\u5374\u53ea\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6781\u4e3a\u5f31\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u6743\uff08\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6743\u7406\u89e3\uff09\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6f5c\u5728\u5730\u503c\u5f97\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u5bf9\u8bdd\u663e\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6b23\u7136\u62e5\u62b1\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e25\u91cd\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u6211\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u6211\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u4e0e\u5f3a\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u65e2\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u8f83\u4e4b\u4e8e\u201c\u540c\u201d\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u4ea6\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u5171\u5b58\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u6743\uff09\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u8f6c\u5411\u6211\u66f4\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u975e\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff08<\/strong><strong>Non-Arithmetic Balance<\/strong><strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5148\u4ece\u4f5c\u4e3a\u548c\u8c10\u4e4b\u6838\u5fc3\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u5dee\u5f02\u8bf4\u8d77\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5ffd\u7565\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u8fd9\u5c82\u975e\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7e41\u76db\u548c\u58ee\u5927\u3002\u653e\u5f03\u5f85\u9047\u4e0a\u7684\u6574\u9f50\u5212\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u8f83\u5dee\u7684\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e0d\u662f\u548c\u8c10\u6240\u80fd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u751a\u6216\u79ef\u6781\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u7b54\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u5dee\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u4eba\u4eec\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\u90fd\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7686\u975e\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u3002\uff08\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4f1a\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5730\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u8d85\u51fa\u672c\u6587\u8303\u56f4\u3002\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u68c0\u8ba8\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u82db\u523b\u5f97\u8db3\u4ee5\u7b97\u4f5c\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u548c\u8c10\u5bb9\u8bb8\u4fb5\u72af\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u800c\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eba\u5f97\u76ca\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62b5\u9500\u5417\uff1f\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u5efa\u8bae\u8003\u8651\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7c73\u5207\u5c14\u00b7\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\uff08Michael Slote\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u975e\u8ba1\u7b97\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u6781\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56de\u5e94\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u65bd\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u6000\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5e76\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u914d\u5f88\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5173\u6000\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6392\u65a5\u5bf9\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u601d\u5173\u6000\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u4eba\u5173\u6000\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6765\u8868\u660e\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u65bd\u4e88\u7684\u5173\u6000\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u6000\u201d\uff08intimate caring\uff09\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5bf9\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u6240\u65bd\u4e88\u7684\u5219\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4eba\u9053\u5173\u6000\u201d\uff08humane caring\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u76f8\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5173\u6000\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u53bb\u8bf4\u660e\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u6000\u548c\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4f4d\u7236\u4eb2\u4e0e\u201c\u4e24\u540d\u4e8c\u5341\u6765\u5c81\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u72ec\u7acb\u800c\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5219\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u5f3a\u800c\u8eab\u4f53\u6b8b\u75be\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7236\u4eb2\u4e3a\u6b8b\u969c\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u591a\uff1b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u60f3\u201c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7236\u4eb2\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u60c5\u51b5\u8f83\u5dee\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u591a\u52a0\u7167\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u60c5\u51b5\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u5219\u80fd\u7167\u987e\u81ea\u5df1\uff08\u5e76\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u6028\u6068\uff09\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u5018\u82e5\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7236\u4eb2\u540c\u6837\u5173\u7231\u4e24\u4f4d\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u5982\u4e00\u5730\u5c3d\u529b\u7167\u987e\u548c\u5173\u6ce8\u4ed6\u4eec\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6709\u9650\u52aa\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\u6362\u6765\u5f88\u5927\u6210\u679c\u3002\u6709\u9274\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4ece\u540e\u679c\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u65f6\u95f4\u7528\u5728\u90a3\u4f4d\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6148\u7236\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u53ea\u4ece\u4e8b\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e24\u540d\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6700\u5927\u603b\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\uff08greatest aggregate good\uff09\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff1b\u4ed6\u4f1a\u201c\u5728\u5bf9\u4e24\u540d\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u548c\u7231\u62a4\u4e4b\u95f4\u529b\u6c42\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u81f3\u5c11\u4f1a\u82b1\u4e00\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u53bb\u5e2e\u5fd9\u6216\u5173\u6ce8\u90a3\u4f4d\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u80fd\u7528\u6765\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b69\u5b50\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6280\u672f\u6027\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7b49\u91cf\uff08equality\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u8003\u8651\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u4e92\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ea6\u975e\u201c\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6216\u504f\u5411\u4e00\u65b9\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u63a5\u7740\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u9762\u5bf9\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u65f6\uff0c\u5173\u7231\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u975e\u603b\u4f53\u578b\u5e73\u8861\uff08non-aggregative type of balance\uff09\u6765\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\uff08humanitarian concern\uff09\u5219\u4f1a\u4ee5\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u89e3\u91ca\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u597d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u613f\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u798f\u5229\u505a\u6148\u5584\u6350\u52a9\uff0c\u800c\u8be5\u56fd\u4e2d\u5e76\u65e0\u4ed6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ec1\u7231\u7684\u6216\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u7231\u6001\u5ea6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5728\u8d85\u8d8a\u7231\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u6216\u4f53\u73b0\u8fd1\u4f3c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u601d\u7ef4\uff08utilitarian-like aggregative thinking\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u4eba\uff08\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u542c\u8fc7\u90a3\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff09\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u4eba\u6c11\u6216\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u6574\u4f53\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u5173\u6000\u4e0b\u2026\u2026\u5f53\u5173\u6000\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5173\u6000\u4e0b\u53ef\u88ab\u53d6\u4ee3\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u6574\u4f53\u6548\u7528\u6216\u597d\u5904\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\u884c\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u611f\u5230\u9700\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u6216\u8005\u7231\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u2026\u2026\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u60dc\u67d0\u4e9b\u4ee3\u4ef7\u53bb\u8003\u91cf\u6574\u4f53\u6216\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u597d\u5904\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u53cc\u5411\u8fdb\u8def\uff08two-pronged approach\uff09\u80fd\u5e73\u8861\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u6000\u4e0e\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u518d\u5ea6\u63f4\u5f15\u5e73\u8861\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ecb\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4f4d\u597d\u4eba\u5bf9\u67d0\u4f4d\u7279\u5b9a\u4eb2\u53cb\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u548c\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ecb\u4e4e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u4eb2\u53cb\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u4e0e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u4e4b\u95f4\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u4eba\u4f1a\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c3d\u529b\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u8861\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5373\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4e3a\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u5e73\u8861\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6574\u4f53\uff08integrity\uff09\u7684\u9886\u609f\u2014\u2014\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u6574\u4f53\u611f\u548c\u6574\u5168\u611f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5018\u82e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6700\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff08identity\uff09\u662f\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u975e\u5e38\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5e73\u8861\u5173\u7231\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\uff08a morality of balanced caring\uff09\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u533a\u522b\u4e86\u4e24\u7c7b\u5173\u7231\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u56de\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u73cd\u89c6\u548c\u8c10\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4fb5\u5bb3\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u4ee5\u5229\u4e8e\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73cd\u89c6\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5c31\u50cf\u5bf9\u4eb2\u5bc6\u8005\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u5173\u7231\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5176\u4eba\u6743\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5bb9\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u5931\u8861\uff08imbalance\uff09\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u73cd\u89c6\u548c\u8c10\u56e0\u800c\u4f1a\u5f15\u51fa\u4e0e\u73cd\u89c6\u4eba\u6743\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u65e0\u7d27\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7ed3\u8bba\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4f1a\u5f15\u6765\u4e09\u79cd\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u96be\u9053\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u540c\u6837\u770b\u505a\u662f\u5bf9\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5417\uff1f\u201c\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u201d\u5173\u7231\u4e0d\u6b63\u662f\u8bbe\u60f3\u5f53\u5176\u53d7\u5230\u6311\u6218\u65f6\u5bb9\u8bb8\u4ee5\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fdd\u62a4\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5417\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u73cd\u89c6\u548c\u8c10\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u548c\u8c10\u5730\u5173\u7231\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u7231\u6765\u81ea\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u975e\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u5730\u5173\u7231\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u3001\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\u6765\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u4e8e\u603b\u4f53\u5173\u7231\u7684\u7591\u8651\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u6743\u8bae\u9898\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u4eb2\u5bc6\u8005\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\u7136\u800c\u5728\u4eb2\u5bc6\u8005\u4e0e\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u7231\u65bd\u53ca\u7684\u5e7f\u5927\u3001\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u7247\u4e2d\u95f4\u5730\u5e26\u3002\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u5173\u7231\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406\u4ed6\u6240\u8003\u8651\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u8fc7\u6e21\u5730\u5e26\u201d\uff08gradations in between\uff09\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u6e21\u5730\u5e26\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u8bba\u8bc1\u975e\u603b\u4f53\u5e73\u8861\uff08\u6216\u548c\u8c10\uff09\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0e\u4eb2\u5bc6\u8005\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u5f31\u5316\u7684\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5173\u7231\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bb9\u8bb8\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e0a\u7684\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u771f\u8bda\u5173\u7231\u5374\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4e0b\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u5dee\u522b\u7684\u4ed6\u8005\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u7531\u8981\u6c42\u4e0d\u4ee5\u7eaf\u7cb9\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7cbe\u5bc6\u8ba1\u7b97\u53bb\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e4b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u5dee\u522b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6e90\u5934\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u7cca\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u592a\u9065\u8fdc\u4e86\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5316\u548c\u5de9\u56fa\u6211\u5bf9\u9996\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u5173\u7231\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6210\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u548c\u8c10\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u91cc\u5e76\u975e\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7269\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73cd\u91cd\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u5177\u6709\u7231\u5fc3\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u4e0e\u66f4\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u65e0\u667a\u6167\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\uff08being alive to others\uff09\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u90fd\u80cc\u79bb\u4e86\u5b55\u80b2\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u8c10\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u638f\u7a7a\u548c\u8c10\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u5173\u7231\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u4eb2\u5bc6\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u662f\u975e\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u5173\u7231\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u9762\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7231\u5e94\u7531\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u4eba\u6269\u5145\u81f3\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5230\u8fbe\u5929\u5730\u4e07\u7269\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u7231\u4ecd\u6709\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u4e3e\u4f8b\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u8bf4\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u548c\u8c10\u5730\u5173\u7231\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8fbe\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4e0b\u6587\u5c06\u4f1a\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u9996\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u9996\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u8981\u6c42\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4eba\u6743\u5c31\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u4f46\u4ecd\u9700\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62c5\u5fc3\u5e76\u4e0d\u771f\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u5bf9\u672c\u8282\u8bba\u70b9\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u672c\u8282\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9a71\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56db\u3001\u8d77\u4e8b\u4ee5\u56fe\u53d8\uff08<\/strong><strong>Rocking the Boat<\/strong><strong>\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d28\u7591\u5c06\u91c7\u53d6\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdb\u8def\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u906d\u53d7\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3002\u548c\u8c10\u4f1a\u9a71\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u8d70\u5411\u88ab\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u8d77\u4e8b\u4ee5\u56fe\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4eba\u6743\u88ab\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6700\u7ec8\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfb\u6c42\u8865\u507f\u548c\u6539\u9769\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u5c06\u5206\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u6765\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u56de\u987e\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u63d0\u53ca\u8fc7\u7684\u201c\u548c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u773c\u524d\u4e89\u7aef\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u70b9\u5f00\u8bda\u5e03\u516c\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\u4ecd\u5f97\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u786e\u5b9e\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u522b\uff08\u8f83\u4e4b\u4e8e\u975e\u5bfb\u6c42\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u8fdb\u8def\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u4f5c\u51fa\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u6210\u5458\u4f9d\u7136\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u8bf4\u8d77\uff0c\u5373\u548c\u8c10\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bb9\u8bb8\u5404\u79cd\u5f02\u89c1\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8981\u6c42\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u6bb5\u5112\u5bb6\u5178\u7c4d\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5f53\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u201c\u548c\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u540c\u201d\u3002\u664f\u5b50\u5bf9\u9f50\u738b\u8bf4\u5230\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u548c\u5982\u7fb9\u7109\uff0c\u6c34\u3001\u706b\u3001\u9170\u3001\u91a2\u3001\u76d0\u3001\u6885\uff0c\u4ee5\u70f9\u9c7c\u8089\uff0c\u71c0\u4e4b\u4ee5\u85aa\uff0c\u5bb0\u592b\u548c\u4e4b\uff0c\u9f50\u4e4b\u4ee5\u5473\uff0c\u6d4e\u5176\u4e0d\u53ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u6cc4\u5176\u8fc7\u3002\u541b\u5b50\u98df\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e73\u5176\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u541b\u81e3\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u541b\u6240\u8c13\u53ef\u800c\u6709\u5426\u7109\uff0c\u81e3\u732e\u5176\u5426\u4ee5\u6210\u5176\u53ef\u2026\u2026\u662f\u4ee5\u653f\u5e73\u800c\u4e0d\u5e72\uff0c\u6c11\u65e0\u4e89\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u738b\u4e4b\u6d4e\u4e94\u5473\u3001\u548c\u4e94\u58f0\u4e5f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e73\u5176\u5fc3\uff0c\u6210\u5176\u653f\u4e5f\u2026\u2026\u4eca\u636e\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u9f50\u666f\u516c\u5ba0\u81e3\uff09\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u541b\u6240\u8c13\u53ef\uff0c\u636e\u4ea6\u66f0\u53ef\uff1b\u541b\u6240\u8c13\u5426\uff0c\u636e\u4ea6\u66f0\u5426\u3002\u82e5\u4ee5\u6c34\u6d4e\u6c34\uff0c\u8c01\u80fd\u98df\u4e4b\uff1f\u82e5\u7434\u745f\u4e4b\u4e13\u58f9\uff0c\u8c01\u80fd\u542c\u4e4b\uff1f\u540c\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e5f\u5982\u662f\uff08\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u662d\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u552f\u547d\u662f\u4ece\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u826f\u81e3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u80dc\u4efb\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u53bb\u7ea0\u6b63\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u6216\u81ea\u79c1\u5730\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u3002\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e3b\u65e8\u76f8\u540c\u5374\u66f4\u4e3a\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff1a\u201c\u541b\u5b50\u548c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5c0f\u4eba\u540c\u800c\u4e0d\u548c\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u5b50\u8def\u300b\u7b2c23\u6761\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>\u81f3\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u5112\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u767e\u59d3\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5b98\u50da\u2014\u2014\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u58f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>\u4e0d\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u6e05\u695a\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u548c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u5e94\u8be5\u666e\u904d\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u76ee\u7779\u6216\u4eb2\u5386\u4e0d\u5e73\u4e4b\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5927\u58f0\u75be\u547c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5f88\u987a\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd9\u4e48\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u5426\u51b3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u672a\u786e\u5207\u8bf4\u660e\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f55\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\u53bb\u6297\u8bae\u6216\u62b5\u6297\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\u62b1\u6028\u5176\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u5bf9\u5f85\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u6d88\u89e3\u975e\u96be\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u5f85\u95ee\u9898\uff1f\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u8bb0\u5f97\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e38\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u5730\u5173\u7231\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff08\u90a3\u4f4d\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\uff09\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5904\u5883\u6027\u5316\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f0f\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u751f\u7406\u7684\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u53d6\u5f97\u773c\u524d\u4e0e\u957f\u8fdc\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u4f5c\u7528\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5931\u8861\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u5584\u610f\u7406\u89e3\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6211\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5404\u79cd\u8003\u8651\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u7ad9\u5728\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u547c\u5401\u3001\u5450\u558a\u53bb\u4e89\u53d6\u8865\u507f\u4e0e\u957f\u8fdc\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5fc5\u987b\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u662f\u591a\u9762\u5411\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u548c\u8c10\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e5f\u8981\u4ece\u66f4\u597d\u3001\u66f4\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u5ba1\u89c6\u3002\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u540c\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u673a\uff1a\u5bf9\u574f\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6216\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u66b4\u8650\u9006\u6765\u987a\u53d7\uff0c\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8d25\u574f\u4e86\u901a\u5f80\u672a\u6765\u66f4\u4f73\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u80af\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u6211\u4eec\u62b1\u6028\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u62b1\u6028\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u505a\u51fa\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5e94\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc7\u6fc0\uff1a\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u6574\u4f53\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u548c\u8c10\u4ef7\u503c\u5851\u9020\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f1a\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u89c6\u8c03\u89e3\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0e\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6709\u5173\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u9996\u5148\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u56f4\u7ed5\u8c03\u89e3\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u6ca6\u4e3a\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6743\u52bf\u8005\u7684\u8892\u62a4\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u6c11\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5747\u9700\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6fc0\u52b1\u7ed3\u6784\uff08incentive 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href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6211\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u5728\u4e8e\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u6211\u5c06\u4f1a\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u4e3a\u548c\u8c10\u80fd\u5426\u4e0e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5e76\u5b58\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u6743\u662f\u5426\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5f03\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1f\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u73cd\u89c6\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u5dee\u5f02\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u8fbe\u6743\u5229\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u548c\u8c10\uff1f\u5f53\u548c\u8c10\u5982\u6211\u6240\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5219\u4e24\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5b58\u5728\u5f20\u529b\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u52a8\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ff1\u8fdb\uff0c\u968f\u673a\u5e94\u53d8\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff08inputs\uff09\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u65b0\u7684\u6295\u5165\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u77e5\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u503e\u542c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u611f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5dee\u5f02\u6210\u4e3a\u4e92\u8865\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u73cd\u89c6\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u6587\u672c\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u53ef\u67d0\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6fc0\u52b1\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u5bcc\u6709\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u3001\u66f4\u5f00\u653e\u5fc3\u7075\u53bb\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u503e\u542c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u8fbe\u6743\u5229\uff1f\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u8c10\u662f\u5426\u50cf\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u7d6e\u7d6e\u53e8\u53e8\u559c\u6b22\u8bf4\u6559\u7684\u7956\u6bcd\u5f0f\u4eba\u7269\uff1a\u201c\u4eb2\u7231\u7684\uff0c\u5b89\u9759\u4e0b\u6765\u5427\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5e76\u975e\u2018\u6709\u76ca\u2019\uff08complementary\uff09\u201d\uff1f\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u548c\u8c10\u5e76\u975e\u5404\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u9759\u6001\u7684\u6216\u524d\u5b9a\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8c01\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8c31\u5199\u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u53d1\u660e\u98df\u8c31\u9700\u8981\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3001\u521b\u9020\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5171\u8bc6\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0e\u88ab\u5f88\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5267\u9662\u9ad8\u558a\u201c\u7740\u706b\u4e86\u201d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u8f83\u591a\u5730\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d8\u6613\u548c\u751f\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4ece\u201c\u6709\u6839\u7684\u5168\u7403\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u201c\u6709\u6839\u7684\u5168\u7403\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u4f9d\u8d56\u7279\u6b8a\u54f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u53ef\u8fa9\u9a73\u524d\u63d0\uff08defeasible 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href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u7167\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u4e16\u754c\u9700\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u8c10\u662f\u8bb2\u5f97\u901a\u7684\u3002\u548c\u8c10\u770b\u6765\u5e76\u975e\u4eba\u6743\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u5fb7\u8005\u5411\u5f80\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u5b9e\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u662f\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b62\u4e8e\u5b83\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u53ef\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u517b\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u548c\u8c10\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u80fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u613f\u671b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u533a\u5206\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u671f\u56f0\u6270\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u4eba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5373\u7406\u89e3\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u88ab\u770b\u505a\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u7b49\u503c\u7684\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8981\u5192\u4e3a\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u4ea4\u6362\uff08trading 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href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>\u5ba2\u89c2\u67b6\u6784\uff08\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff09\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u543e\u4eba\u6240\u5e94\u8be5\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u3001\u5185\u5728\u5316\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u67b6\u6784\u4e4b\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u53d6\u6d88\u201d\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\uff1f\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u8c13\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u725f\u6c0f\u660e\u786e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u8fdb\u8def\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u542f\u8fea\u201d\u3002\u5ba2\u89c2\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e6\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5018\u82e5\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u6cbf\u7740\u7eaf\u7cb9\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8def\u7ebf\u53bb\u8bbe\u60f3\u725f\u6c0f\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u683c\u5916\u5c0f\u5fc3\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u8def\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u9898\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u9898\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u63a8\u5b9a\u7684\u53cd\u9898\uff08\u5ba2\u89c2\u67b6\u6784\uff09\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u514b\u670d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b58\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u5b58\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u517b\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4ece\u54ea\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5e76\u6709\u6293\u4f4f\u725f\u6c0f\u7684\u5929\u624d\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002\u7efc\u5408\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u83b7\u5f97\u5706\u6ee1\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1b\u5706\u6ee1\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u725f\u6c0f\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8131\u79bb\u5ba2\u89c2\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u542b\u610f\u662f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6210\u5c31\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u201c\u82e5\u843d\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u53d1\u6325\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u6f2b\u8d8a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5f8b\u5219\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6b63\u987b\u4ee5\u5176\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u6765\u6210\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5723\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u7834\u574f\u5f8b\u6cd5\u6216\u8fdd\u53cd\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u800c\u6709\u5176\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u725f\u6c0f\u6d1e\u89c1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u662f\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u5927\u613f\u671b\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4f55\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u9650\u5236\u5728\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u8981\u6c42\u4e0a\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u675c\u7ef4\u660e\uff08\u725f\u5b97\u4e09\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff09\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u7406\u60f3\u2014\u2014\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4eba\u6216\u5723\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u66f4\u80fd\u5b8c\u6ee1\u5730\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u201d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>\u725f\u6c0f\u81ea\u5df1\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5112\u5b66\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u8fc7\u5931\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u65e0\u89c6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u7eaf\u7cb9\u9053\u5fb7\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff08\u4f9d\u725f\u6c0f\u6240\u8bf4\uff09\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4ece\u90a3\u4e9b\u9996\u5148\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u725f\u6c0f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u6743\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u6709\u6548\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u6743\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u53ef\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4eba\u6743\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6ee1\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u5176\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ffd\u95ee\u725f\u6c0f\u8bba\u70b9\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u6211\u63d0\u51fa\u51e0\u70b9\u8865\u5145\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6d3e\u751f\uff08derivation\uff09\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u610f\u8c13\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u6743\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u8131\u79bb\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u6765\u81ea\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5fb7\u80b2\uff08moral education\uff09\u3002\u5fb7\u80b2\u5305\u542b\u5f88\u591a\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u725f\u5b97\u4e09\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7\u542f\u8fea\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>\u6211\u4f1a\u628a\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u8482\uff08Richard Rorty\uff09\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u201c\u60c5\u611f\u6559\u80b2\u201d\uff08sentimental education\uff09\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u5fb7\u80b2\u4e2d\u53bb\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u5173\u5fc3\u5f97\u4ee5\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u827a\u672f\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u6240\u8fbe\u81f4\u7684\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5b54\u5b50\u5728\u5f88\u4e45\u4ee5\u524d\u5c31\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u9053\u4e4b\u4ee5\u5fb7\uff0c\u9f50\u4e4b\u4ee5\u793c\u201d\u8fdc\u6bd4\u201c\u9053\u4e4b\u4ee5\u653f\uff0c\u9f50\u4e4b\u4ee5\u5211\u201d\u66f4\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\uff08\u89c1\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u2022\u4e3a\u653f\u300b\u7b2c4\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u5185\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u6cd5\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5efa\u8bae\u662f\uff0c\u6566\u4fc3\u5927\u5bb6\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u7d22\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fdb\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fdb\u8def\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u4e5f\u80fd\u627f\u8ba4\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u5316\u3002\u4f53\u5236\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08perfectionism\uff09\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u5e76\u4e14\u5e94\u8be5\u5411\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u63a8\u5e7f\u548c\u63d0\u5021\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u653e\u4efb\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u53bb\u81ea\u5df1\u5bfb\u627e\u2014\u2014\u6216\u4e0d\u5bfb\u627e\u2014\u2014\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6839\u636e\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5e94\u63a8\u5e7f\u548c\u63d0\u5021\u4efb\u4f55\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6df1\u7a76\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5ba1\u614e\u800c\u6709\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7acb\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63a8\u5e7f\u3001\u63d0\u5021\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u5730\u63a8\u884c\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u63a8\u884c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u7a0e\u52a1\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u5bf9\u827a\u672f\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7684\u7ea0\u7eb7\u89e3\u51b3\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u9f13\u52b1\u975e\u8bc9\u8bbc\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5904\u7406\u4ee5\u6c42\u5c0a\u91cd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u672c\u8282\u5c06\u548c\u8c10\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u6301\u4e25\u91cd\u8d28\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u628a\u548c\u8c10\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0d\u6b63\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u50cf\u4eba\u6743\u4e00\u6837\u626e\u6f14\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff1f\u5e76\u975e\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u4ef7\u503c\u63a8\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u516d\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6216\u8bb8\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5f3a\u8c03\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6c11\u4f17\u4e0d\u8981\u6311\u6218\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6c11\u4f17\u9ed8\u9ed8\u6ee1\u8db3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u76ee\u6807\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8c10\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u590d\u6d3b\uff1f\u73b0\u5728\u4e0b\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e3a\u65f6\u592a\u65e9\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u6cbf\u7740\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8def\u7ebf\u8fdb\u884c\uff1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u3001\u548c\u8877\u5171\u6d4e\u7684\uff08participatory\uff09\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6781\u5927\u5173\u6ce8\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u663e\u7136\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u6211\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u5173\u4e8e\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4eba\u6743\uff09\u6240\u5438\u7eb3\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u786e\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u548c\u8c10\u201d\u5728\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u90fd\u662f\u652f\u914d\u6027\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06\u201c\u548c\u8c10\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u201d\u753b\u4e0a\u7b49\u53f7\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u5b89\u9756\u5982\uff1a\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u300b\uff08<em>Human Rights and Chinese Thought: A Cross-Cultural Inquiry<\/em>\uff09<em>\uff0c<\/em>\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff1a\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c205\uff5e258\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u76ee\u4e0b\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4fee\u6b63\u4ee5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9610\u660e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u8fdb\u800c\u9610\u660e\u6b64\u4e00\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u6709\u5173\u5112\u5bb6\u548c\u8c10\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0e\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u53c2\u770b\u987e\u53f2\u8003\uff08Scott B. Cook\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u5dee\u522b\u300b\uff08<em>Unity and Diversity in the Musical Thought of Warring States China<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\uff08Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997\uff09; Li Chenyang, \u201c<em>Zhongyong<\/em> as Grand Harmony: An Alternative Reading to Ames and Hall\u2019s Focusing the Familiar,\u201d <em>Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy<\/em> 3.2\uff08June 2004\uff09: 173\u2013188; Cheng Chung-ying, \u201cToward Constructing a Dialectics of Harmonization: Harmony and Conflict in Chinese Philosophy,\u201d <em>Journal of Chinese Philosophy<\/em> 4.3\uff081977\uff09: 209\u2013245\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd1\u671f\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u2014\u2014\u5229\u4ed6\u3001\u56e2\u7ed3\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u656c\u91cd\u6743\u5a01\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u88ab\u5404\u4e2a\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ef4\u62a4\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u201d\u89c1Jonathan Watts, \u201cFamily Tree of Chinese Sage Branches Out to Include Women: Traditional Teachings of Confucius Find Favour as China Looks to Fill Ethical Vacuum in Wake of Market Reforms,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>\uff0828 September, 2006\uff09, http:\/\/www.guardian. co.uk\/<\/p>\n<p>world\/2006\/sep\/28\/china.jonathanwatts. Accessed 1 September, 2008.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u89c1Randall Peerenboom, \u201cConfucian Harmony and Freedom of Thought: The Right to Think versus Right Thinking,\u201d in Wm. Theodore De Bary and Tu Wei-ming, eds., <em>Confucianism and Human Rights<\/em>\uff08New York: Columbia University Press, 1998\uff09, pp. 235\u2013260\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46Peerenboom\u8ba4\u4e3a\u548c\u8c10\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u4f1a\u74e6\u89e3\u4e3a\u56e2\u7ed3\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Marina Svensson, <em>Debating Human Rights in China: A Conceptual and Political History<\/em>\uff08Lanham, MD: Roman &amp; Littlefield, 2002\uff09, pp. 132, 162.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u52a0\u5f3a\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u52a0\u5f3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5236\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u96c6\u4e2d\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u800c\u96c6\u4e2d\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u201d\u89c1\u300a\u5728\u6269\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff081962\u5e742\u67086\u65e5\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u6587\u9009\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c1\u5377\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u5f15\u7528\u5730\u5740\u89c1 http:\/\/ cpc.people.com.cn\/<\/p>\n<p>GB\/69112\/69113\/69684\/69694\/4949599.html\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u65e5\u671f\uff1a2008\u5e748\u670816\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Angle, <em>Human Rights and Chinese Thought<\/em>, <em>passim.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\uff0c\u9875225\u2013239\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Michael Slote, <em>Morals from Motives<\/em>\uff08Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\uff09, p. 67.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\uff0c\u987568\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\uff0c\u987569\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\uff0c\u987570\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Slote\u89c6\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u652f\u6491\u70b9\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u770b\u6765\u4ecb\u4e4eSinger\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u9700\u6c42\u540e\u679c\u8bba\uff08extremely demanding consequentialism\uff09\u4e0eWilliams\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u8bba\uff08extremely loose theory of moral integrity\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce8\uff0c\u987573\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u5404\u79cd\u5bf9\u5987\u5973\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f52\u7eb3\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> Slote, <em>Morals from Motives<\/em>, p. 65.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u4e00\u95f4\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7ecf\u7406\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4f7f\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u516c\u53f8\u65d7\u4e0b\u5de5\u5382\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u6a21\u7cca\u800c\u975e\u4e2a\u4e2a\u5206\u660e\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u906d\u53d7\u5de8\u5927\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u8fd9\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u5bf9\u90a3\u7fa4\u5de5\u5382\u90bb\u5c45\u4e4b\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u5408\u8ba1\u6027\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u4e0e\u5bf9\u964c\u751f\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u91cd\u7533\uff0c\u6b64\u4e24\u79cd\u5173\u5fc3\u4e4b\u95f4\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u5f97\u8d77\u975e\u5408\u8ba1\u6027\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u8003\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u767d\u7267\u4e4b\u3001\u767d\u5999\u5b50\uff08Brooks\uff09\u592b\u5987\u5c06\u201c\u540c\u201d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u58a8\u5b88\u6210\u89c4\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff08conformist\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u8bd1\u6cd5\u4ea6\u6355\u6349\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1b\u89c1E. Bruce Brooks and A. Taeko Brooks, <em>The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors<\/em>\uff08New York: Columbia University Press, 1998\uff09, p. 103\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u5728\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f12\u541b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e38\u7528\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u53cd\u6297\u66b4\u653f\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7bc7\u7ae0\u91cc\u5374\u5f3a\u70c8\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u53ea\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u8bf4\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\u3002\u8bd5\u5bf9\u7167\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u2022\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u4e0b\u300b\u7b2c8\u6761\u548c\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u2022\u4e07\u7ae0\u4e0b\u300b\u7b2c9\u6761\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u53c2\u770b\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u2022\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u4e0b\u300b\u7b2c4\u6761\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8868\u793a\u767e\u59d3\u4e0d\u5e94\u6279\u8bc4\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\uff0c\u5219\u975e\u5176\u4e0a\u77e3\u3002\u4e0d\u5f97\u800c\u975e\u5176\u4e0a\u8005\uff0c\u975e\u4e5f\uff1b\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0d\u4e0e\u6c11\u540c\u4e50\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u4e5f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u611f\u8c22Joseph Chan\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u672c\u6587\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u65e0\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u4eba\u6743\u5e76\u975e\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7686\u53ef\u7545\u6240\u6b32\u8a00\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff1a\u67d0\u4e9b\u5371\u9669\u6027\u7684\u3001\u8bfd\u8c24\u6027\u7684\u3001\u4ec7\u6068\u6027\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff08\u4e3e\u4f8b\u800c\u8a00\uff09\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u754c\u9650\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u5219\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u5728\u4e00\u4ef6\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u88ab\u4fb5\u5bb3\u548c\u4e0d\u88ab\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4e24\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6743\u5229\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u627f\u8bfa\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6c11\u514d\u53d7\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u5a01\u80c1\u201d\uff08standard threats\uff09\u4e0a\u662f\u505a\u5f97\u8f83\u597d\u7684\uff08\u89c1Henry Shue, <em>Basic Rights<\/em>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6743\u5229\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u725f\u5b97\u4e09\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u9053\u4e0e\u6cbb\u9053\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5b66\u751f\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c1991\uff09\uff0c\u987559\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\uff0c\u9875125\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\uff0c\u9875128\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> Tu Wei-ming, <em>A Confucian Perspective on Human Rights: The Inaugural Wu Teh Yao Memorial Lecture<\/em>\uff08Singapore: The Centre for the Arts of National University of Singapore, 1996\uff09, pp. 29\u201330\uff1b\u5173\u4e8e\u548c\u8c10\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5112\u5bb6\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u89c1Zhu Xueqin, \u201cHarmony Stems from Democracy,\u201d <em>China Daily On-line<\/em>\uff082 December, 2005\uff09,\u00a0 &lt;http:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/english\/doc\/2005-12\/02\/content_499872.htm&gt;. Accessed 13 November, 2006\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u725f\u5b97\u4e09\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u9053\u4e0e\u6cbb\u9053\u300b\uff0c\u9875114\u2013123\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\uff0c\u9875124\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> Saladin Meckled-Garcia and Basak Cali, eds., <em>The Legalization of Human Rights: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Human Rights and Human Rights Law<\/em>\uff08London: Routledge, 2006\uff09.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> \u53c2\u770bGeorge Sher, <em>Beyond Neutrality: Perfectionism and Politics<\/em>\uff08Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997\uff09; Joseph Chan, \u201cLegitimacy, Unanimity, and Perfectionism,\u201d <em>Philosophy and Public Affairs<\/em> 29.1\uff08Winter 2000\uff09: 5\u201342\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> \u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b21\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10 \u5b89\u9756\u5982(Stephen C. Angle) \u8457\uff1b\u6881\u6d9b\u8bd1 \u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u601d\u5927\u5b66 \u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e\u6881\u6d9b\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\uff1a\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u89c6\u57df\u4e0b\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u7b2c331-348\u9875 \u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6743\u4e8e\u8fdb\u6b65\u5112\u5b66\u7f51 \u6458\u8981\uff1a\u6682\u65e0 \u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u725f\u5b97\u4e09 \u4e0b\u8f7dPDF\u7248\u672c \u9605\u8bfb\u5168\u6587\uff1a &nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[33,40],"tags":[46,45,47,49,48],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=184"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":185,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184\/revisions\/185"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=184"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=184"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/smch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=184"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}