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1\u3001\u5112\u5b78\u8207\u548c\u8ae7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63a5\u8457\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u770b\u770b\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u548c\u8ae7\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u7121\u9700\u505a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u56de\u9867\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5c07\u6982\u8ff0\u5112\u5bb6\u95e1\u91cb\u201c\u548c\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u7684\u8cbc\u5207\u7ffb\u8b6f\u662f\u201charmony\u201d\uff08\u548c\u8ae7\uff09\u30023<\/a><\/sup>\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u97f3\u6a02\u8207\u70f9\u98ea\u4f5c\u985e\u6bd4\uff1a\u548c\u8ae7\u662f\u5404\u7a2e\u4e92\u88dc\u6027\u5dee\u7570\uff08complementary differences\uff09\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6750\u6599\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u6e6f\u8b8a\u5f97\u7f8e\u5473\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u6a02\u5668\u5408\u594f\u51fa\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u6a02\u66f2\u3002 \u201c\u548c\u201d\u8207\u201c\u540c\u201d\uff08uniformity\uff09\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u7531\u65bc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5dee\u7570\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5473\u9053\u3001\u8072\u97f3\u3001\u610f\u898b\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u58de\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u548c\u8ae7\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u61c9\u7528\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u898f\u5247\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e9b\u6210\u898f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5c0d\u5177\u9ad4\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u9069\u61c9\u3002\u5c31\u7b97\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6642\u523b\u548c\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u548c\u8ae7\uff0c\u4f46\u548c\u8ae7\u4f9d\u7136\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u52d5\u614b\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u6301\u7e8c\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u61c9\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5f8c\u671f\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u548c\u8ae7\u4e0d\u50c5\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u9084\u610f\u6307\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u842c\u7269\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u8207\u4e92\u901a\u3002\u5728\u9019\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u5343\u842c\u4e0d\u8981\u628a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u842c\u7269\u4e00\u9ad4\u201d\u7406\u60f3\u8aa4\u89e3\u70ba\u201c\u540c\u201d\uff1a\u4f5c\u70ba\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u610f\u6307\u57fa\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e92\u88dc\u6027\u5dee\u7570\u53bb\u8a8d\u53ef\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6a5f\u7684\u5167\u5728\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u628a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff08\u751a\u6216\u5929\u5730\u842c\u7269\uff09\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5283\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u4ee5\u70ba\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5b78\u8aaa\u63d0\u5021\u500b\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u6216\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u72a7\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e26\u9808\u670d\u5f9e\u7576\u6b0a\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u9ede\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5167\u542b\u65bc\u5112\u5bb6\u5c0d\u201c\u7d71\u4e00\u9ad4\u201d\uff08unity\uff09\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u4e4b\u4e2d\u30024<\/a><\/sup>\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u5112\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u4eba\u5df1\u95dc\u4fc2\u70ba\u80cc\u666f\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff1a\u6211\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u8207\u6211\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u3001\u5b69\u5b50\u3001\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u5b78\u751f\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6210\u54e1\u3001\u5fd7\u540c\u9053\u5408\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u9023\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u5730\uff0c\u656c\u91cd\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u7576\u6b0a\u8005\uff08\u5728\u5bb6\u88e1\u3001\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u5834\u6240\u3001\u5728\u516c\u5171\u9818\u57df\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u548c\u201d\u8207\u201c\u540c\u201d\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u537b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u201c\u72a7\u7272\u201d\u548c\u201c\u670d\u5f9e\u201d\u4e4b\u8aaa\u7684\u8aa4\u5c0e\u3002\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u8457\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff08uniform\uff09\u6216\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u7684\u5fe0\uff0c\u6703\u4ee4\u4eba\u4ee5\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u6bd4\u7c21\u76f4\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u72a7\u7272\u90fd\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u800c\u5c0d\u9818\u5c0e\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u8b8a\u3001\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u670d\u5f9e\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u9818\u5c0e\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\u8981\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u6a5f\u68b0\u670d\u5f9e\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5112\u8005\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u201c\u540c\u201d\uff08uniformity\uff09\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4e5f\u5931\u537b\u4e86\u548c\u8ae7\u3002\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4f86\u81ea\u5b83\u4fdd\u8b77\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u9019\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\uff08\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff09\u88ab\u5354\u8abf\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u6d88\u6cef\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2\u3001\u4e2d\u570b\u8a9e\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

\u4e09\u3001\u975e\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff08Non-Arithmetic Balance\uff09<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u56de\u7b54\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u8a3b\u610f\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6240\u6709\u5dee\u5225\u5c0d\u5f85\u4eba\u5011\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\u90fd\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6b0a\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u6703\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u7686\u975e\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u5a01\u8105\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u3002 \uff08\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u6703\u6709\u7d44\u7e54\u5730\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5df2\u8d85\u51fa\u672c\u6587\u7bc4\u570d\u3002\uff09\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u6aa2\u8a0e\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u82db\u523b\u5f97\u8db3\u4ee5\u7b97\u4f5c\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u660e\u767d\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u548c\u8ae7\u5bb9\u8a31\u4fb5\u72af\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u800c\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eba\u5f97\u76ca\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u62b5\u92b7\u55ce\uff1f\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6211\u5efa\u8b70\u8003\u616e\u7576\u4ee3\u7f8e\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7c73\u5207\u723e\u00b7\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\uff08Michael Slote\uff09\u95dc\u65bc\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u975e\u8a08\u7b97\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u6975\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u56de\u61c9\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u8cea\u7591\u3002\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u5c0d\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u65bd\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4e26\u61c9\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u914d\u5f88\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u201c\u95dc\u61f7\u201d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u6392\u65a5\u5c0d\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u8a8d\u70ba\u53cd\u601d\u95dc\u61f7\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u5c07\u986f\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u4eba\u95dc\u61f7\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u53ef\u901a\u904e\u5169\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u4f86\u8868\u660e\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u65bd\u4e88\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u89aa\u5bc6\u95dc\u61f7\u201d\uff08intimate caring\uff09\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c0d\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u6240\u65bd\u4e88\u7684\u5247\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4eba\u9053\u95dc\u61f7\u201d\uff08humane caring\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u76f8\u61c9\u65bc\u4e0d\u540c\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u901a\u904e\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u53bb\u8aaa\u660e\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u61f7\u548c\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u8a2d\u60f3\u4e00\u4f4d\u7236\u89aa\u8207\u201c\u5169\u540d\u4e8c\u5341\u4f86\u6b72\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7368\u7acb\u800c\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5247\u4f9d\u8cf4\u6027\u5f37\u800c\u8eab\u9ad4\u6b98\u75be\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u4f4d\u7236\u89aa\u70ba\u6b98\u969c\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u591a\uff1b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a2d\u60f3\u201c\u9019\u4f4d\u7236\u89aa\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0d\u60c5\u6cc1\u8f03\u5dee\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u591a\u52a0\u7167\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u60c5\u6cc1\u8f03\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u5247\u80fd\u7167\u9867\u81ea\u5df1\uff08\u4e26\u4e14\u6c92\u6709\u6028\u6068\uff09\u201d\u300210<\/a><\/sup>\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\u5018\u82e5\u9019\u4f4d\u7236\u89aa\u540c\u6a23\u95dc\u611b\u5169\u4f4d\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u6703\u59cb\u7d42\u5982\u4e00\u5730\u76e1\u529b\u7167\u9867\u548c\u95dc\u6ce8\u4ed6\u5011\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6709\u9650\u52aa\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\u63db\u4f86\u5f88\u5927\u6210\u679c\u3002\u6709\u9451\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5f9e\u5f8c\u679c\u8ad6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u4ed6\u6703\u5c07\u5168\u90e8\u6642\u9593\u7528\u5728\u90a3\u4f4d\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4f4d\u6148\u7236\u4e0d\u6703\u6c38\u9060\u53ea\u5f9e\u4e8b\u9019\u7a2e\u4fc3\u9032\u5169\u540d\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7e3d\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\uff08greatest aggregate good\uff09\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff1b\u4ed6\u6703\u201c\u5728\u5c0d\u5169\u540d\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u95dc\u5fc3\u548c\u611b\u8b77\u4e4b\u9593\u529b\u6c42\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ed6\u81f3\u5c11\u6703\u82b1\u4e00\u4e9b\u6642\u9593\u53bb\u5e6b\u5fd9\u6216\u95dc\u6ce8\u90a3\u4f4d\u8f03\u70ba\u5e78\u904b\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u4e9b\u6642\u9593\u80fd\u7528\u4f86\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b69\u5b50\u5e36\u4f86\u66f4\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u300211<\/a><\/sup>\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u8ac7\u8ad6\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6280\u8853\u6027\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u6b8a\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u7b49\u91cf\uff08equality\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u5169\u7a2e\u8003\u616e\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u96d9\u65b9\u4e92\u4e0d\u59a8\u7919\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4ea6\u975e\u201c\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6216\u504f\u5411\u4e00\u65b9\u201d\u300212<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u63a5\u8457\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u9762\u5c0d\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4eba\u5011\u6642\uff0c\u95dc\u611b\u6703\u6839\u64da\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u975e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u578b\u5e73\u8861\uff08non-aggregative type of balance\uff09\u4f86\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u95dc\u5fc3\uff08humanitarian concern\uff09\u5247\u6703\u4ee5\u7e3d\u9ad4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u3002\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u89e3\u91cb\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u597d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9858\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u798f\u5229\u505a\u6148\u5584\u6350\u52a9\uff0c\u800c\u8a72\u570b\u4e2d\u4e26\u7121\u4ed6\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\u611b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u4ec1\u611b\u7684\u6216\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u95dc\u611b\u614b\u5ea6\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5728\u8d85\u8d8a\u611b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7522\u751f\u6216\u9ad4\u73fe\u8fd1\u4f3c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7e3d\u9ad4\u601d\u7dad\uff08utilitarian-like aggregative thinking\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u614b\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u4eba\uff08\u6216\u8a31\u4e5f\u807d\u904e\u90a3\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff09\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u95dc\u61f7\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5c0d\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u4eba\u6c11\u6216\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u6574\u9ad4\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u95dc\u61f7\u4e0b\u2026\u2026\u7576\u95dc\u61f7\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u4e0b\u53ef\u88ab\u53d6\u4ee3\u6642\uff0c\u6240\u904b\u7528\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u6574\u9ad4\u6548\u7528\u6216\u597d\u8655\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\u884c\u52d5\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u611f\u5230\u9700\u8981\u5e6b\u52a9\u6216\u8005\u611b\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u2026\u2026\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u60dc\u67d0\u4e9b\u4ee3\u50f9\u53bb\u8003\u91cf\u6574\u9ad4\u6216\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u597d\u8655\u300213<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u4f7f\u96d9\u5411\u9032\u8def\uff08two-pronged approach\uff09\u80fd\u5e73\u8861\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u89aa\u5bc6\u95dc\u61f7\u8207\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u518d\u5ea6\u63f4\u5f15\u5e73\u8861\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ecb\u65bc\u9019\u4f4d\u597d\u4eba\u5c0d\u67d0\u4f4d\u7279\u5b9a\u89aa\u53cb\u7684\u95dc\u5fc3\u548c\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u95dc\u5fc3\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ecb\u4e4e\u4ed6\u5c0d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u985e\u5225\u7684\u89aa\u53cb\u5011\u7684\u95dc\u5fc3\u8207\u4ed6\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\uff09\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u985e\u5225\u7684\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u95dc\u5fc3\u4e4b\u9593\u201d\u300214<\/a><\/sup>\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u4eba\u6703\u7528\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u76e1\u529b\u505a\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u5e73\u8861\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u5be6\u73fe\uff0c\u5373\u7576\u6211\u5011\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u70ba\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f80\u5f80\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6700\u611b\u7684\u4eba\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u5e73\u8861\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u6574\u9ad4\uff08integrity\uff09\u7684\u9818\u609f\u2014\u2014\u78ba\u5207\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5c07\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u7d66\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u751f\u547d\u6574\u9ad4\u611f\u548c\u6574\u5168\u611f\u7684\u6771\u897f\u300215<\/a><\/sup>\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5018\u82e5\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6700\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff08identity\uff09\u662f\u53ea\u95dc\u5fc3\u500b\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u975e\u5e38\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5e73\u8861\u95dc\u611b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\uff08a morality of balanced caring\uff09\u662f\u96e3\u4ee5\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u201d\u300216<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5340\u5225\u4e86\u5169\u985e\u95dc\u611b\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u56de\u5230\u6211\u5011\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u73cd\u8996\u548c\u8ae7\u662f\u5426\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u4fb5\u5bb3\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u4ee5\u5229\u65bc\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73cd\u8996\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u904b\u4f5c\u5c31\u50cf\u5c0d\u89aa\u5bc6\u8005\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u95dc\u611b\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u5176\u4eba\u6b0a\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u5c0d\u5f85\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5bb9\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u5931\u8861\uff08imbalance\uff09\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u5c0d\u5f85\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u73cd\u8996\u548c\u8ae7\u56e0\u800c\u6703\u5f15\u51fa\u8207\u73cd\u8996\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u4e26\u7121\u7dca\u5f35\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82e5\u4f46\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7d50\u8ad6\u99ac\u4e0a\u6703\u5f15\u4f86\u4e09\u7a2e\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4eba\u6b0a\u96e3\u9053\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u540c\u6a23\u770b\u505a\u662f\u5c0d\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u55ce\uff1f \u201c\u7e3d\u9ad4\u7684\u201d\u95dc\u611b\u4e0d\u6b63\u662f\u8a2d\u60f3\u7576\u5176\u53d7\u5230\u6311\u6230\u6642\u5bb9\u8a31\u4ee5\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fdd\u8b77\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u55ce\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u73cd\u8996\u548c\u8ae7\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u548c\u8ae7\u5730\u95dc\u611b\uff1f\u9019\u500b\u95dc\u611b\u4f86\u81ea\u54ea\u88e1\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u975e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u548c\u8ae7\u5730\u95dc\u611b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u8207\u4eba\u6b0a\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u3001\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u5148\u4f86\u8003\u616e\u5c0d\u65bc\u7e3d\u9ad4\u95dc\u611b\u7684\u7591\u616e\u3002\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u6b0a\u8b70\u984c\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u89aa\u5bc6\u8005\u300217<\/a><\/sup>\u7136\u800c\u5728\u89aa\u5bc6\u8005\u8207\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u95dc\u611b\u65bd\u53ca\u7684\u5ee3\u5927\u3001\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u7247\u4e2d\u9593\u5730\u5e36\u3002\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u95dc\u611b\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc5\u9808\u8655\u7406\u4ed6\u6240\u8003\u616e\u7684\u5169\u6975\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u201c\u904e\u6e21\u5730\u5e36\u201d\uff08gradations in between\uff09\u300218<\/a><\/sup>\u9019\u500b\u904e\u6e21\u5730\u5e36\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u8a31\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\uff0c\u537b\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u500b\u9ad4\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6211\u6703\u8ad6\u8b49\u975e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u5e73\u8861\uff08\u6216\u548c\u8ae7\uff09\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u8207\u89aa\u5bc6\u8005\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u5f31\u5316\u7684\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u95dc\u611b\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u4e0d\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u500b\u4eba\u5bb9\u8a31\u5c0d\u5f85\u4e0a\u7684\u986f\u8457\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u771f\u8aa0\u95dc\u611b\u537b\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4e0b\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c0d\u5f85\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u3001\u6c92\u6709\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u4ed6\u8005\u7fa4\u9ad4\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u6c92\u6709\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u7531\u8981\u6c42\u4e0d\u4ee5\u7d14\u7cb9\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7cbe\u5bc6\u8a08\u7b97\u53bb\u5c0d\u5f85\u4e4b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u548c\u6c92\u6709\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u6e90\u982d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u8207\u9019\u4e00\u6a21\u7cca\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u5be6\u5728\u662f\u592a\u9059\u9060\u4e86\u300219<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f37\u5316\u548c\u978f\u56fa\u6211\u5c0d\u9996\u500b\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u3002\u95dc\u611b\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6210\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u4fbf\u8207\u548c\u8ae7\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u548c\u8ae7\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u88e1\u4e26\u975e\u7121\u751f\u547d\u7269\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73cd\u91cd\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5145\u6eff\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u5177\u6709\u611b\u5fc3\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u8207\u66f4\u5ee3\u95ca\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u7121\u751f\u547d\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u7121\u667a\u6167\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u8a66\u5716\u5c07\u548c\u8ae7\u8207\u5c0d\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\uff08being alive to others\uff09\u5206\u958b\uff0c\u90fd\u80cc\u96e2\u4e86\u5b55\u80b2\u4e2d\u570b\u548c\u8ae7\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u4e26\u6709\u638f\u7a7a\u548c\u8ae7\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8207\u5112\u5bb6\u95dc\u611b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u806f\u7e6b\u5f37\u5316\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u65bc\u975e\u89aa\u5bc6\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u662f\u975e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5112\u5bb6\u95dc\u611b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u9762\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u95dc\u611b\u61c9\u7531\u6700\u89aa\u5bc6\u7684\u4eba\u64f4\u5145\u81f3\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u5230\u9054\u5929\u5730\u842c\u7269\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u7e3d\u9ad4\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u95dc\u611b\u4ecd\u6709\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u53ea\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u65af\u6d1b\u7279\u8209\u4f8b\u4e2d\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

\u56db\u3001\u8d77\u4e8b\u4ee5\u5716\u8b8a\uff08Rocking the Boat\uff09<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\n

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\u672c\u6587\u5927\u591a\u6578\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u8f03\u591a\u5730\u4f9d\u8cf4\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u8b8a\u6613\u548c\u751f\u751f\u54f2\u5b78\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7522\u751f\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u5f9e\u201c\u6709\u6839\u7684\u5168\u7403\u54f2\u5b78\u201d\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u770b\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u554f\u984c\u7684\u3002 \u201c\u6709\u6839\u7684\u5168\u7403\u54f2\u5b78\u201d\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7279\u6b8a\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u53ef\u8faf\u99c1\u524d\u63d0\uff08defeasible premises\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u80fd\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff08argumentation\uff09\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u5617\u8a66\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u731c\u60f3\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b78\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4e5f\u7522\u751f\u6975\u70ba\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u548c\u8ae7\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u5bc6\u723e\u5728\u300a\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u91cc\u95dc\u65bc\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e00\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

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\u516d\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u518d\u6216\u8a31\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u8ae7\u793e\u6703\u8207\u548c\u8ae7\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6216\u8a31\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u5f37\u8abf\u7a69\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u6c11\u773e\u4e0d\u8981\u6311\u6230\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u6c11\u773e\u9ed8\u9ed8\u6eff\u8db3\u7d93\u6fdf\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u8207\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u76ee\u6a19\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u548c\u9818\u5c0e\u5c07\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8ae7\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u8907\u6d3b\uff1f\u73fe\u5728\u4e0b\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5c1a\u70ba\u6642\u592a\u65e9\u3002\u6216\u8a31\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u8ae7\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5efa\u8a2d\u53cd\u800c\u6703\u6cbf\u8457\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8def\u7dda\u9032\u884c\uff1a\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u52d5\u614b\u3001\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u3001\u548c\u8877\u5171\u6fdf\u7684\uff08participatory\uff09\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u4e92\u88dc\u6027\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6975\u5927\u95dc\u6ce8\u70ba\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u89e3\u986f\u7136\u904b\u7528\u4e86\u6211\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u904e\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u95dc\u65bc\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u4e00\u7a2e\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff08\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u4eba\u6b0a\uff09\u6240\u5438\u7d0d\uff0c\u9084\u4e0d\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u67d0\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u201c\u548c\u8ae7\u201d\u5728\u201c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u8ae7\u793e\u6703\u201d\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u5728\u4f55\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u89e3\u90fd\u662f\u652f\u914d\u6027\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u5c07\u201c\u548c\u8ae7\u201d\u8207\u201c\u7a69\u5b9a\u201d\u756b\u4e0a\u7b49\u865f\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u88e1\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5c0d\u548c\u8ae7\u8207\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u8207\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u8ae7\u793e\u6703\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1. \u5b89\u9756\u5982\uff1a\u300a\u4eba\u6b0a\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u300b\uff08Human Rights and Chinese Thought: A Cross-Cultural Inquiry<\/em>\uff09\uff0c<\/em>\u7d10\u7d04\uff1a\u528d\u6a4b\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c205\uff5e258\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u76ee\u4e0b\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u5fc5\u9808\u7d93\u904e\u4fee\u6b63\u4ee5\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u6700\u986f\u8457\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u95e1\u660e\u7f8e\u570b\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u4e26\u7531\u6b64\u9032\u800c\u95e1\u660e\u6b64\u4e00\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u6709\u95dc\u5112\u5bb6\u548c\u8ae7\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u8207\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u53c3\u770b\u9867\u53f2\u8003\uff08Scott B. Cook\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u6230\u570b\u6642\u671f\u4e2d\u570b\u97f3\u6a02\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u548c\u5dee\u5225\u300b\uff08Unity and Diversity in the Musical Thought of Warring States China<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\uff08Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997\uff09; Li Chenyang, \u201cZhongyong<\/em> as Grand Harmony: An Alternative Reading to Ames and Hall\u2019s Focusing the Familiar,\u201d Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy<\/em> 3.2\uff08June 2004\uff09: 173\u2013188; Cheng Chung-ying, \u201cToward Constructing a Dialectics of Harmonization: Harmony and Conflict in Chinese Philosophy,\u201d Journal of Chinese Philosophy<\/em> 4.3\uff081977\uff09: 209\u2013245\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8fd1\u671f\u5ee3\u70ba\u6d41\u50b3\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u2014\u2014\u5229\u4ed6\u3001\u5718\u7d50\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u656c\u91cd\u6b0a\u5a01\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6574\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u88ab\u5404\u500b\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u7dad\u8b77\u7b49\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u201d\u898bJonathan Watts, \u201cFamily Tree of Chinese Sage Branches Out to Include Women: Traditional Teachings of Confucius Find Favour as China Looks to Fill Ethical Vacuum in Wake of Market Reforms,\u201d The Guardian (28 September, 2006), http:\/\/www.guardian. co.uk\/world\/2006\/sep\/28\/china.jonathanwatts. Accessed 1 September, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u898bRandall Peerenboom, \u201cConfucian Harmony and Freedom of Thought: The Right to Think versus Right Thinking,\u201d in Wm. Theodore De Bary and Tu Wei-ming, eds., Confucianism and Human Rights<\/em>\uff08New York: Columbia University Press, 1998\uff09, pp. 235\u2013260\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5c0d\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u5927\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\uff0c\u4f46Peerenboom\u8a8d\u70ba\u548c\u8ae7\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5be6\u8e10\u4e0a\u6703\u74e6\u89e3\u70ba\u5718\u7d50\u8207\u7d71\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Marina Svensson, Debating Human Rights in China: A Conceptual and Political History<\/em>\uff08Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield, 2002\uff09, pp. 132, 162.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u9019\u88e1\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u9019\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u52a0\u5f37\u9ee8\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u52a0\u5f37\u6c11\u4e3b\u96c6\u4e2d\u88fd\uff0c\u52a0\u5f37\u96c6\u4e2d\u7d71\u4e00\u3002\u800c\u96c6\u4e2d\u7d71\u4e00\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u3002\u201d\u898b\u300a\u5728\u64f4\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u5de5\u4f5c\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\u7684\u8b1b\u8a71\uff081962\u5e742\u67086\u65e5\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u8f09\u300a\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u6587\u9078\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c1\u5377\u3002\u7db2\u7d61\u5f15\u7528\u5730\u5740\u898b http:\/\/cpc.people.com.cn\/GB\/69112\/69113\/69684\/69694\/4949599.html\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u65e5\u671f\uff1a2008\u5e748\u670816\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Angle, Human Rights and Chinese Thought<\/em>, passim.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\uff0c\u9801225\u2013239\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Michael Slote, Morals from Motives<\/em>\uff08Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001\uff09, p. 67.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\uff0c\u980168\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\uff0c\u980169\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\uff0c\u980170\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. \u00a0Slote\u8996\u4e4b\u70ba\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u652f\u6490\u9ede\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u770b\u4f86\u4ecb\u4e4eSinger\u7684\u6975\u7aef\u9700\u6c42\u5f8c\u679c\u8ad6\uff08extremely demanding consequentialism\uff09\u8207Williams\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u6975\u7aef\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u8ad6\uff08extremely loose theory of moral integrity\uff09\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u8a3b\uff0c\u980173\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. \u5404\u7a2e\u5c0d\u5a66\u5973\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u6b78\u7d0d\u69cb\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Slote, Morals from Motives<\/em>, p. 65.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. \u4e00\u9593\u8de8\u570b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7d93\u7406\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u4e00\u9805\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4f7f\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u516c\u53f8\u65d7\u4e0b\u5de5\u5ee0\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u6a21\u7cca\u800c\u975e\u500b\u500b\u5206\u660e\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u906d\u53d7\u5de8\u5927\u7834\u58de\uff0c\u9019\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u8fa6\uff1f\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5728\u65bc\u8a72\u516c\u53f8\u5c0d\u90a3\u7fa4\u5de5\u5ee0\u9130\u5c45\u4e4b\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u5408\u8a08\u6027\u8cea\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u95dc\u5fc3\u8207\u5c0d\u964c\u751f\u8005\u5011\u7684\u95dc\u5fc3\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u91cd\u7533\uff0c\u6b64\u5169\u7a2e\u95dc\u5fc3\u4e4b\u9593\u5fc5\u9808\u7d93\u5f97\u8d77\u975e\u5408\u8a08\u6027\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u8003\u9a57\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. \u767d\u7267\u4e4b\u3001\u767d\u5999\u5b50\uff08Brooks\uff09\u592b\u5a66\u5c07\u201c\u540c\u201d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u201c\u58a8\u5b88\u6210\u898f\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff08conformist\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u8b6f\u6cd5\u4ea6\u6355\u6349\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1b\u898bE. Bruce Brooks and A. Taeko Brooks, The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors<\/em>\uff08New York: Columbia University Press, 1998\uff09, p. 103\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. \u5728\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u88e1\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f12\u541b\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5e38\u7528\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u53cd\u6297\u66b4\u653f\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9019\u90e8\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7bc7\u7ae0\u88e1\u537b\u5f37\u70c8\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u53ea\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u5b78\u8aaa\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\u3002\u8a66\u5c0d\u7167\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u2022\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u4e0b\u300b\u7b2c8\u689d\u548c\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u2022\u842c\u7ae0\u4e0b\u300b\u7b2c9\u689d\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u53c3\u770b\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u2022\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u4e0b\u300b\u7b2c4\u689d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u8868\u793a\u767e\u59d3\u4e0d\u61c9\u6279\u8a55\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\uff0c\u5247\u975e\u5176\u4e0a\u77e3\u3002\u4e0d\u5f97\u800c\u975e\u5176\u4e0a\u8005\uff0c\u975e\u4e5f\uff1b\u70ba\u6c11\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0d\u8207\u6c11\u540c\u6a02\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u4e5f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. \u611f\u8b1dJoseph Chan\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u8207\u672c\u6587\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. \u7121\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u78ba\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e26\u975e\u6307\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7686\u53ef\u66a2\u6240\u6b32\u8a00\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff1a\u67d0\u4e9b\u5371\u96aa\u6027\u7684\u3001\u8ab9\u8b17\u6027\u7684\u3001\u4ec7\u6068\u6027\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\uff08\u8209\u4f8b\u800c\u8a00\uff09\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9019\u4e9b\u754c\u9650\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u5247\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u5728\u4e00\u4ef6\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u88ab\u4fb5\u5bb3\u548c\u4e0d\u88ab\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5169\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6b0a\u5229\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u8457\u66f4\u70ba\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u627f\u8afe\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6c11\u514d\u53d7\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u5a01\u8105\u201d\uff08standard threats\uff09\u4e0a\u662f\u505a\u5f97\u8f03\u597d\u7684\uff08\u898bHenry Shue, Basic Rights<\/em>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b0a\u5229\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. \u725f\u5b97\u4e09\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u9053\u8207\u6cbb\u9053\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5b78\u751f\u66f8\u5c40\uff0c1991\uff09\uff0c\u980159\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\uff0c\u9801125\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\uff0c\u9801128\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. Tu Wei-ming, A Confucian Perspective on Human Rights: The Inaugural Wu Teh Yao Memorial Lecture<\/em>\uff08Singapore: The Centre for the Arts of National University of Singapore, 1996\uff09, pp. 29\u201330\uff1b\u95dc\u65bc\u548c\u8ae7\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5112\u5bb6\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u898bZhu Xueqin, \u201cHarmony Stems from Democracy,\u201d China Daily On-line<\/em>\uff082 December, 2005\uff09,  <http:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/english\/doc\/2005-12\/02\/content_499872.htm>. Accessed 13 November, 2006\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. \u725f\u5b97\u4e09\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u9053\u8207\u6cbb\u9053\u300b\uff0c\u9801114\u2013123\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. \u540c\u524d\u8a3b\uff0c\u9801124\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. Saladin Meckled-Garcia and Basak Cali, eds., The Legalization of Human Rights: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Human Rights and Human Rights Law<\/em> (London: Routledge, 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. \u53c3\u770bGeorge Sher, Beyond Neutrality: Perfectionism and Politics<\/em>\uff08Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997\uff09; Joseph Chan, \u201cLegitimacy, Unanimity, and Perfectionism,\u201d Philosophy and Public Affairs<\/em> 29.1\uff08Winter 2000\uff09: 5\u201342\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. \u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc0\u88e1\uff0c\u6211\u5c0d\u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b21\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u8868\u660e\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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