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\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\uff08John Skorupski\uff09\u628a\u7a46\u52d2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7d93\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u201c\u6eab\u548c\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\u300210<\/a><\/sup>\u8c9d\u6de1\u5be7\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7b26\u5408\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u628a\u7cbe\u82f1\u6b0a\u5a01\u7d44\u7e54\u5316\u6210\u70ba\u80fd\u7834\u58de\u4ed6\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u201c\u6fc0\u9032\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\u3002\u5728\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u8207\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u662f\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9075\u5faa\u5169\u500b\u4fe1\u689d\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u601d\u616e\uff08deliberation\uff09\u53ea\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u50f9\u503c\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u500b\u4eba\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u50f9\u503c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4fe1\u689d\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5ef6\u4f38\u800c\u4f86\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\u540c\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u500b\u4eba\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6309\u7167\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7d93\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u540c\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u201c\u4f86\u81ea\u73fe\u5728\u5f88\u96e3\u7dad\u6301\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6216\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u7d04\u675f\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3002\u201d11<\/a><\/sup>\u5118\u7ba1\u7d93\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6392\u65a5\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4fe1\u689d\uff0c\u4f46\u73fe\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9010\u6f38\u628a\u540c\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u65bc\u201c\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6279\u8a55\u6027\u201d\u7684\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e2d\u7acb\u201d\u300212<\/a><\/sup>\u8003\u616e\u5230\u7576\u4eca\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u62b9\u53bb\u6b64\u7d93\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6839\u672c\u5dee\u5225\uff0c\u8f49\u800c\u63a1\u53d6\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u201d\uff0c\u8c9d\u6de1\u5be7\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ce2\u58eb\u9662\u4f5c\u70ba\u73fe\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u4e0d\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

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\n

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\u8c9d\u6de1\u5be7\u548c\u6f22\u5bc6\u723e\u9813\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u8d0a\u540c\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u7279\u5fb5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8c9d\u6de1\u5be7\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u662f\u901a\u904e\u7af6\u722d\u6027\u8003\u8a66\u9078\u62d4\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7cbe\u82f1\u81f3\u5c11\u5f9e\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u51fa\u8eab\u5bcc\u6709\u548c\u9ad8\u8cb4\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19\u4e16\u7d00\u548c20\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u671f\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\u653f\u5e9c\u61c9\u8a72\u7531\u7cbe\u82f1\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u7dad\u5f17\u96f7\u591a\u00b7\u5e15\u96f7\u6258\uff08Vilfredo Pareto\uff09\uff081848-1923\uff09\u3001\u845b\u5854\u8afe\u00b7\u83ab\u65af\u5361\uff08Gaetano Mosca\uff09\uff081858-1941\uff09\uff0c\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u723e\u65af\uff08Robert Michels\uff09\uff081876-1936\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5728\u6240\u6709\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u6b0a\u529b\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u624b\u88e1\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u6027\u547d\u984c\u300221<\/a><\/sup>\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7cbe\u82f1\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\uff0c\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u904b\u4f5c\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u6cbb\u570b\uff0c\u9019\u554f\u984c\u751a\u81f3\u5931\u53bb\u5be6\u969b\u610f\u7fa9\u300222<\/a><\/sup>\u5118\u7ba1\u67d0\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u6301\u6709\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5be6\u8b49\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u6709\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u7684\u96b1\u542b\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7bc4\u570d\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7f85\u5a01\u723e\u00b7\u83f2\u723e\u5fb7\u548c\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u683c\u5229\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u5fa9\u96dc\u6027\u793e\u6703\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u201c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6bd4\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u985e\u76ee\u6a19\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u627f\u8afe\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u9019\u7a2e\u8907\u96dc\u793e\u6703\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u7121\u6cd5\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u7279\u6027\u6240\u727d\u5236\u201d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u56b4\u8085\u5c0d\u5f85\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u627f\u8a8d\u5982\u679c\u6b0a\u529b\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u9078\u64c7\u6027\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u624b\u88e1\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u6703\u90fd\u9762\u81e8\u4e00\u500b\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u5b58\u5728\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u9078\u64c7\u4e0d\u540c\u7cbe\u840a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6216\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u8f49\u8b8a\u6216\u8005\u6539\u5584\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4ee5\u9020\u798f\u793e\u6703\u800c\u4e0d\u640d\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6b64\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u5112\u5bb6\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u7531\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u624d\u83ef\u517c\u5099\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8207\u7531\u986f\u8cb4\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u5bcc\u8c6a\u6216\u8005\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5f37\u4eba\u7b49\u57f7\u653f\u76f8\u6bd4\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u96e3\u9053\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

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\n

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\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5373\u4f7f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u537b\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u5f37\u70c8\u5730\u6279\u8a55\u7f8e\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u60b2\u89c0\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u793e\u6703\u5df2\u7d93\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u548c\u89e3\u3002 \u300a\u8ab0\u5728\u7d71\u6cbb\u7f8e\u570b\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6258\u99ac\u65af\u00b7\u6234\u4f0a\uff08Thomas Dye\uff09\u4e0d\u5e36\u4efb\u4f55\u8af7\u523a\u53e3\u543b\u7684\u8a9e\u6c23\u8ac7\u5230\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\uff1a26<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

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\n\n\n\n

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\n

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\u96d6\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8aaa\u4e00\u65e6\u63a1\u7528\u8c9d\u6de1\u5be7\u7684\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u6a5f\u69cb\u6027\u9650\u5236\u7684\u8ce2\u58eb\u9662\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u76f4\u63a5\u52a0\u5287\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6216\u8005\u7522\u751f\u81ea\u6211\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u525d\u524a\u6210\u6027\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u4f46\u8003\u616e\u5230\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u5c0d\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9084\u662f\u6700\u597d\u4e0d\u8981\u628a\u9019\u500b\u5efa\u8b70\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u7d93\u5178\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u7406\u60f3\u7fa4\u9ad4\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5b58\u6709\u7b49\u7d1a\u5dee\u5225\u7684\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\u61c9\u8a72\u5f9e\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u7576\u4eca\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u61c9\u8a72\u5177\u6709\u529f\u80fd\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u770b\u4f5c\u5112\u5bb6\u9f13\u5439\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u7b49\u7d1a\u5dee\u5225\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u7d93\u5178\u4e00\u518d\u5f37\u8abf\u201c\u8209\u8ce2\u624d\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u500b\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5fb7\u624d\u517c\u5099\u88ab\u9078\u62d4\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c01\u9589\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u7fa4\u9ad4\u3002\u6839\u64da\u5b54\u5b50\u62db\u6536\u5b78\u751f\u6642\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u614b\u5ea6\uff08\u6709\u6559\u7121\u985e\uff09\uff08\u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u300b15. 39,\u00a0 7. 7\uff09,\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5f9e\u6240\u6709\u968e\u5c64\u548c\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e2d\u9078\u62d4\u624d\u5c0d\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u5b54\u5b50\u6642\u4ee3\u53ef\u80fd\u6c92\u9019\u7a2e\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u7576\u4eca\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5fa9\u96dc\u548c\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65b7\u512a\u52a3\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5fc5\u9808\u548c\u5177\u9ad4\u60c5\u666f\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u6709\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u5f9e\u6700\u597d\u5230\u6700\u58de\u7684\u7e3d\u9ad4\u201c\u512a\u79c0\u6392\u884c\u699c\u201d\u3002\u9019\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5340\u5225\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u7528\u7e3d\u9ad4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e00\u52de\u6c38\u9038\u5730\u6c7a\u5b9a\u500b\u4eba\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u56b4\u683c\u7b49\u7d1a\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u512a\u79c0\u7684\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u6216\u8a31\u662f\u500b\u6574\u8173\u7684\u7d93\u7406\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u9818\u57df\u51fa\u985e\u62d4\u8403\u7684\u4eba\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u5c0d\u6210\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u96a8\u4e4b\u767c\u751f\u8b8a\u5316\u300238<\/a><\/sup>\u9019\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7cbe\u82f1\u662f\u96a8\u6642\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u8ab0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u7d42\u8eab\u6703\u54e1\u201d\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u9818\u57df\u597d\u751a\u81f3\u201c\u6700\u597d\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8b49\u4ed6\u6210\u70ba\u6c38\u9060\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u3002 \u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u4e0d\u518d\u6307\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u767c\u865f\u65bd\u4ee4\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u9023\u8cab\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u56b4\u8085\u5c0d\u5f85\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c07\u8b8a\u5f97\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u56f0\u96e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8207\u5176\u8b93\u7cbe\u82f1\u5011\u5728\u5169\u9662\u5236\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e2d\u4f54\u64da\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u6bcf7\u5e74\u624d\u8f2a\u63db\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5012\u4e0d\u5982\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a5f\u69cb\u96a8\u8457\u7279\u5b9a\u56b4\u91cd\u8907\u96dc\u653f\u7b56\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7522\u751f\u8207\u89e3\u6c7a\u800c\u6210\u7acb\u548c\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u6a5f\u69cb\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u4e8b\u52d9\u548c\u6709\u9650\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u201c\u5fb7\u624d\u517c\u5099\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u9078\u62d4\u904e\u7a0b\u61c9\u8a72\u4e0d\u662f\u50c5\u50c5\u4f9d\u9760\u201c\u7af6\u722d\u6027\u8003\u8a66\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5305\u62ec\u8a55\u50f9\u6240\u9700\u8981\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u54c1\u8cea\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5408\u9069\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5f4c\u88dc\u9078\u8209\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u201c\u5340\u5225\u5c0d\u5f85\u201d\u9014\u5f91\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u9867\u53ca\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u7b56\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6bcf\u500b\u653f\u7b56\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u90fd\u505a\u51fa\u826f\u597d\u6c7a\u7b56\u3002\u7531\u9019\u4e9b\u6a5f\u69cb\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u52d9\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u8981\u4e48\u5c6c\u65bc\u201c\u5c0d\u9078\u64c7\u7121\u654f\u611f\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u6975\u5176\u6e3a\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u932f\u8aa4\u9078\u64c7\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u53c8\u975e\u5e38\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u300239<\/a><\/sup>\u5f88\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u672c\u4f86\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u9650\u5236\u591a\u6578\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u610f\u5728\u4fdd\u8b77\u57fa\u672c\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u5c07\u9078\u64c7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u4f86\u7d66\u4e88\u9019\u7a2e\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5112\u5bb6\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u8207\u5176\u8aaa\u662f\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u9650\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u5012\u4e0d\u5982\u8aaa\u662f\u201c\u52e4\u52e4\u61c7\u61c7\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u54e1\u201d\u3002\u57fa\u65bc\u5112\u5bb6\u95dc\u5fc3\u500b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u990a\u548c\u793e\u6703\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u516c\u773e\u61c9\u8a72\u80fd\u5920\u516c\u958b\u63a5\u89f8\u9019\u4e9b\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u5354\u5546\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u6a5f\u69cb\u516c\u958b\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u8aaa\u660e\u66f8\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5f88\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u66ff\u4ee3\u56b4\u8085\u5c0d\u5f85\u5112\u5bb6\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8981\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7d66\u4e88\u5fb7\u624d\u517c\u5099\u7684\u4eba\u9069\u7576\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1. \u6b64\u8ad6\u6587\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5c46\u4e16\u754c\u54f2\u5b78\u5927\u6703\uff0c\u4e26\u520a\u767b\u65bc\u300a\u4e2d\u897f\u54f2\u5b78\u300b(Philosophy East and West), vol. 59, no.4 (2009)\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u611f\u8b1d\u6b64\u520a\u540c\u610f\u672c\u6587\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u773e\u591a\u6587\u737b\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5085\u58eb\u5353(Joseph Fewsmith)\u00a0 (2001),\u300a\u7576\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Armank\uff1b M. E. Sharpe) \uff1b\u81e7\u5c0f\u5049(2004),\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u96d9\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u9818\u5c0e\u9078\u64c7\u300b(Elite Dualism and Leadership Selection in China (New York\uff1bRoutledge Curzon)\uff1b\u912d\u6c38\u5e74(2004),\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6703\u5be6\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u55ce\uff1f\u7cbe\u82f1\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u653f\u6b0a\u8f49\u578b\u300b(Singapore\uff1b\u00a0 Eastern University Press)\uff0c\u53f2\u5b97\u701a(Victor C. Shih) (2008),\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5b97\u6d3e\u548c\u91d1\u878d\uff1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u885d\u7a81\u548c\u901a\u8ca8\u81a8\u8139\u300b(New York\uff1b\u00a0 Cambridge University Press)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u54c0\u5606\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u78ba\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u6210\u70ba\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u5ba2\u89c0\u8a55\u50f9\u7684\u969c\u7919\u3002\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u5361\u723e\u9813(Eric Canton) (1996),\u300a\u5c11\u6578\u548c\u591a\u6578\u300b(Aldershot\uff1a Ashgate), p.2\u3002\u6309\u7167\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u300a\u6642\u4ee3\u5468\u520a\u300b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6279\u8a55\u5bb6\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5df2\u7d93\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u201c\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\u5ab2\u7f8e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8d8a\u201c\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\u4f5c\u70ba20\u4e16\u7d0090\u5e74\u4ee3\u7f8e\u570b\u6700\u5177\u6709\u8cb6\u7fa9\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u6642\u9ae6\u7528\u8a9e\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u4ea8\u5229\u4e09\u4e16(William A. Henry III) (1994),\u300a\u70ba\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8faf\u8b77\u300b(New York\uff1a Double Day) \uff0cp. 2\u3002\u9019\u500b\u201c\u8faf\u8b77\u201d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9053\u807d\u9014\u8aaa\u89c0\u9ede\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u7121\u77e5\u548c\u504f\u898b\uff0c\u662f\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9ad8\u5ea6\u722d\u8ad6\u6027\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u5728\u4f5c\u8005\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63a1\u53d6\u70ba\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\u9ad4\u3001\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3001\u540c\u6027\u6200\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u7279\u6b0a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u72a7\u7272\u4e86\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u793e\u6703\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9818\u57df\u7684\u7406\u6027\u548c\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u83ab\u9813\u2022\u52d2\u7dad\u7279(Morton P. Levitt)\u5c0d\u6b64\u66f8\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6(2001),\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5192\u72af\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b24. 3\/4\uff1a534-38\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u6770\u5f17\u88e1\u00b7\u8c9d\u723e(Jeffrey Bell)\u00a0 (1992) \u300a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9:\u5e73\u7b49\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Washington, D. C. Regnery Gateway)\uff0cp. 570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u540c\u8a3b4\uff0cp.59\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u7f85\u5a01\u723e\u00b7\u83f2\u723e\u5fb7(G. Lowell Field)\u548c\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u683c\u5229(John Higley) (1980),\u300a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300b(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul)\uff0cp. 580\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u540c\u8a3b6\uff0cp.50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. \u7a46\u52d2(John Stuart Mill)\u300a\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u300b(1977)\uff0c\u7f85\u5e03\u68ee(J. M. Robson)\u7de8\u300a\u7a46\u52d2\u9078\u96c6\u300b(London; Routledgeand Kegan Panl)\uff0cvol. XVIII,\u00a0 p. 269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u540c\u8a3b4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. \u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa(John Skorupski) (1992)\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u5728\u5927\u885b\u00b7\u7c73\u5229\u7518(David Milligan)\u548c\u74e6\u8328\u00b7\u7c73\u52d2(William Watts Miller)\u7de8\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u300b( Aldershot;\u00a0 Ashgate)\uff0c134-53\uff0cp.136\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. \u540c\u8a3b10\uff0cp.135\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. \u540c\u8a3b10\uff0cp.136\u3002 \u201c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201d\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u6307\u7684\u662f20\u4e16\u7d00\u4e0a\u534a\u8449\u7684\u6587\u5316\u968e\u6bb5\u3002 (p. 146)\u3002\u65af\u79d1\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u57fa\u901a\u904e\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u6982\u5ff5\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u70ba\u80fd\u65bd\u8207\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u667a\u616e\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8faf\u8b77\u3002 (pp. 147-150)\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u5c0d\u9020\u6210\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e3b\u5f35\u9019\u7a2e\u8f49\u8b8a\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u4e8c\u6230\u5f8c\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u201c\u50f9\u503c\u5371\u6a5f\u201d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u8c9d\u723e\u7684\u7b2c12\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Populism and Elitism\uff0cp. 68\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. \u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01(1988)\uff0c\u300a\u516c\u773e\u6975\u5176\u554f\u984c\u300b\u9996\u7248\u65bc1927\u5e74\uff0c\u55ac\u00b7\u5b89\u00b7\u6ce2\u5fb7\u65af\u9813(Jo Ann Boydston)\u7de8\u300a1925-1953\u5e74\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u5f8c\u671f\u8457\u4f5c\u300bvol.2, p.364\u3002\u9084\u53ef\u53c3\u95b1\u5927\u885b\u00b7\u65af\u76ae\u8332(David Spitz) (1965),\u300a\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b(New York: \u00a0 Pree Press)\uff0cpp. 148-149\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. \u7a46\u52d2(John Staart Mill) (1950)\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u300b(NewYork;\u00a0 Dutton), p.323\u3002\u5f15\u81ea\u5a01\u5ec9\u83ab\u723e\u00b7\u80af\u9054(Willmoore Kendall)\u548c\u55ac\u6cbb\u00b7\u5361\u5229(George W. Carey)\u00a0 (1968),\u201c\u82b1\u540d\u518a\u624b\u6bb5\uff1a\u7a46\u52d2\u548c\u7576\u4ee3\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u5b63\u520a\u300b21.1: 20-39,\u00a0 p.27\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4ed6\u62d2\u7d55\u7a46\u52d2\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u986f\u793a\u300a\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u4e86\u7576\u4ee3\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u5fc3\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. \u54c8\u8036\u514b(Friedrich A. Hayek) (1976) ,\u300a\u901a\u5411\u5974\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u300b(London:\u00a0 Routledge and Kegan Paul)\u95dc\u65bc\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u201c\u7121\u6cd5\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\u4e3b\u984c\u548c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u614b\u5ea6\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u55ac\u5fb7\u862d\u00b7\u5eab\u5361\u5854\u65af(Chandran Kukathas)(1998),\u201c\u54c8\u8036\u514b:\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\uff0c\u827e\u666e\u91cc\u00b7\u5361\u7279(April Carter)\u548c\u6770\u5f17\u88e1\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65af(GeoffreyStokes)\u7de8\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ca\u5176\u6279\u8a55\u5bb6\u300b(Cambridge;\u00a0 Polity Press), 21-38, p.34\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. \u540c\u8a3b16\uff0cp.36\uff1b\u54c8\u8036\u514b(1982),\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u300b(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul), vol. 3, pp.34-35\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. \u5b89\u5fb7\u9b6f\u00b7\u7518\u4fdd(Andrew Gamble) (1996) ,\u300a\u54c8\u8036\u514b:\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9435\u7c60\u300b(Boulder:\u00a0 Westview), p.97\u3002\u55ac\u5fb7\u862d\u00b7\u5eab\u5361\u5854\u65af(op. cit.)\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u9019\u7a2e\u628a\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u770b\u4f5c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u8b80\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. \u54c8\u8036\u514b(1976)\uff0cp. 52\u3002\u5f15\u81ea\u5eab\u5361\u5854\u65af\uff0cp. 23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. \u4e9e\u6b77\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u6f22\u5bc6\u723e\u98131787\u5e74\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u300a\u806f\u90a6\u9ee8\u4eba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. \u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec:\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258(Vilfredo Pareto) (1986),\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u968e\u7d1a\u300b(Albuquerque: American Classical College Press);\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258(Vilfredo Pareto) (1968)\uff0c\u6f22\u65af\u00b7\u6fa4\u7279\u4f2f\u683c(Hans L. Zetterberg)\u64b0\u5beb\u5e8f\u8a00\u7684\u300a\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u8208\u8870\uff1a\u7406\u8ad6\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u300b(Totowa,\u00a0 N. J.:Bedminster Press)\uff0c\u7531Revista Italians di sociologia\u57281901\u5e74\u7684\u7248\u672c(Un applicazione di teorie sociologiche)\u7ffb\u8b6f\u904e\u4f86\uff0cpp. 402-456;\u845b\u5854\u8afe\u00b7\u83ab\u65af\u5361<Gaetano Mosca)\u00a0 (1939),\u300a\u7d71\u6cbb\u968e\u7d1a\u300b(Elementi de scienze politics)\uff0c\u7531\u6f22\u5a1c.\u5361\u6069(Hannah D. Kahn)\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u7531\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5229\u6587\u65af\u9813(Arthur Livingston)\u7de8\u8f2f\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u5beb\u5e8f\u8a00(New York and London;\u00a0 McGraw-Hill) \uff1b\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u723e\u65af(Robert Michels) (1949),\u300a\u653f\u9ee8:\u73fe\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u5be1\u982d\u50be\u5411\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u7531\u4f0a\u767b\u548c\u585e\u9054\u00b7\u4fdd\u7f85(Eden and Cedar Paul)\u7ffb\u8b6f(Glencoe:\u00a0 Free Press);\u840a\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u723e\u65af(C. Wright Mills)(1956),\u300a\u6b0a\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u300b(New York: Oxford University Press)\u3002\u5b89\u6771\u5c3c\u3002\u4f2f\u5947(Anthony Birch)\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u667a\u6167\u4e0a\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u4f2f\u5947\u66f4\u52a0\u8a8d\u771f\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u65b0\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u507d\u88dd\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u5f8c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8b49\u660e\u570b\u5bb6\u7e3d\u662f\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e0d\u80fd\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u800c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u3002\u5b89\u6771\u5c3c\u00b7\u4f2f\u5947(1993)\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\u300b(London:\u00a0 Routledge)\uff0cpp. 169-195\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. \u95dc\u65bc\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u66f4\u8fd1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5e38\u5e38\u628a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u8003\u616e\u5230\u6240\u6709\u793e\u6703\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u539f\u5247\u548c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\u548c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u548c\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u9075\u5b88\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\u67d0\u4e9b\u7a2e\u985e\u7d71\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u201d\u3002 [\u5361\u723e\u9813(Canton)]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. \u7c73\u723e\u65af(Mills)\uff0cThe Power Elite , p. 276\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. \u540c\u8a3b23\uff0cp.286\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. \u7c73\u723e\u65af\uff0cp. 336.\u9664\u4e86\u4f2f\u5947\u5c0d\u65bc\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u5916.op. cit. pp. 782-185\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u675c\u5a01\u54f2\u5b78\u5728\u53cd\u5c0d\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u8faf\u8b77\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u574e\u8c9d\u723e(James Campbell)\u00a0 (1995),\u300a\u7406\u89e3\u675c\u5a01\u300b\uff0cpp. 235-265\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. \u4ea8\u5229\uff0cp. 20\u3002\u6258\u99ac\u65af\u00b7\u6234\u4f0a(Thomas R. Dye)\u00a0 (1995) ,\u300a\u8ab0\u5728\u7d71\u6cbb\u7f8e\u570b?\u300b\uff0cp. 8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\u51fa\u7248\u65bc1976\u5e74\uff0c\u8986\u84cb\u4e86\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u548c\u798f\u7279\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u7248\u672c\u8986\u84cb\u4e86\u5361\u7279\u6642\u671f(1979)\uff0c\u88e1\u6839\u6642\u671f(1983)\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u6642\u671f(1986)\u548c\u5e03\u4ec0\u6642\u4ee3(1990)\u3002\u548c\u201c\u6b0a\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cDye\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u73fe\u6a5f\u69cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u52fe\u7d50\u201d\u7684\u5408\u6d41\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4ed6\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u670915%\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u8077\u52d9\u6240\u6709\u8005\u64c1\u6709\u5169\u500b\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8077\u52d9\uff0c30\u5beb\u7684\u8077\u52d9\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002 (p. 167)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. \u7d04\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u718a\u5f7c\u7279(Joseph A.Schumpeter) (1947),\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4fee\u8a02\u7248(London:\u00a0 Allen and Unwin)\uff0cp. 269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. \u9019\u985e\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u85a9\u7e46\u723e\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u4f5b(Samuel Stouffer)\u00a0 (1955) >\u300a\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u6c11\u6b0a\u300b(Garden City: Double Day) ; \u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u9ea5\u514b\u6d1b\u65af\u57fa(Herbert McCloskey)\u00a0 (1964) >\u201c\u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u548c\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u8a55\u8ad6\u300b58;\u00a0 361-82; \u6258\u99ac\u65af\u00b7\u6234\u4f0a\u548c\u8d6b\u723e\u66fc\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c\u52d2(Herman Seigler)\u00a0 (1987) ,\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u8af7\u300b\u7b2c7\u7248(Monterey:\u00a0 Brooks\/Cole); \u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u9ea5\u514b\u6d1b\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u963f\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u723e(Alida Brill)(1983),\u300a\u5bec\u5bb9\u7684\u7dad\u5ea6:\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u600e\u9ebc\u770b\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531?\u300b(New York:\u00a0 Russell Sage);\u5927\u885b\u00b7\u5df4\u5974\u59c6(David G. Barnum)\u548c\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u85a9\u5229\u6587(John L. Sallivan)\u00a0 (1988),\u201c\u82f1\u570b\u614b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5bec\u5bb9\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u82f1\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b18\uff1a604-14\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. \u4fdd\u7f85\u00b7\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u66fc(Paul M. Sniderman)\u548c\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5f17\u840a\u5fb9(Joseph F. Fletcher)\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u62c9\u585e\u723e(Peter H. Russell)\u3001\u83f2\u5229\u6d66\u00b7\u7279\u7f85\u514b(Philip E. Tetlock)\u3001\u5e03\u840a\u6069\u00b7\u6839\u65af(Brian J. Games)\u00a0 (1991),\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8b2c\u8aa4:\u7cbe\u82f1\u7af6\u722d\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u627f\u8afe\u201d\u300a\u82f1\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b21.3\u00a0 (Jul);\u00a0 349-70\u3002\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u5c08\u8457\u4e2d\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8a73\u7d30\u95e1\u8ff0:\u4fdd\u7f85\u00b7\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u66fc(Paul M. Sniderman)\u548c\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5f17\u840a\u5fb9(Joseph F. Fletcher)\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u62c9\u585e\u723e(Peter H. Russell)\u3001\u83f2\u5229\u6d66\u00b7\u7279\u7f85\u514b(Philip E. Tetlock)\u00a0 (1996 ) ,\u300a\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u300b(New haven;\u00a0 Yale University press)\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u5206\u5b50\u66f4\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u53ef\u53c3\u95b1\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5409\u5e03\u68ee(James L. Gibson) (1988),\u201c\u9ea5\u5361\u932b\u7d05\u8272\u6050\u6016\u6642\u671f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5bec\u5bb9\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u58d3\u8feb\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u8a55\u8ad6\u300b82:\u00a0 511-30.\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c3\u95b1\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u66fc\u5c0f\u7d44\u548c\u6587\u683c\u7f85\u5f17\u548c\u83ab\u9813(Vengroff and Morton)\u5c0f\u7d44\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5ba3\u7a31\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7a81\u51fa\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u5dee\u5225\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5340\u57df\u5dee\u5225\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u6311\u6230\u7cbe\u82f1\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u6587\u683c\u7f85\u5f17(Richard Vengroff)\u548c\u83ab\u9813(F. L. Morton)\u00a0 (2000) ,\u201c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u61b2\u7ae0\u7684\u5340\u57df\u8996\u89d2:\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u518d\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b33.2\u00a0 (Jun):\u00a0 359-82; Paul Sniderman\uff0c Joseph F. Fletcher,\u00a0 Peter H. Russell,\u00a0 Philip E. Tetlock>\u00a0 Markus Prior (2000) ,\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u518d\u8003\u5bdf:\u56de\u61c9\u6587\u683c\u7f85\u5f17\u548c\u83ab\u9813\u201d\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b33.3 (Sep);\u00a0 569-86;\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u6587\u683c\u7f85\u5f17\u548c\u83ab\u9813(2001) ,\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u518d\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u518d\u8003\u5bdf\u201d\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b34.1 (Mar);\u00a0 169-73.\u5f17\u862d\u514b\u00b7\u6bd4\u5229(Frank Bealy)\u8a8d\u70ba\u6982\u62ec\u7cbe\u82f1\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u969b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u8a55\u8ad6\u300b17.3 (1996): 319-310\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. \u7f85\u5a01\u723e\u00b7\u83f2\u723e\u5fb7\u548c\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u683c\u5229\uff0cP. 3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. \u5c0d\u6bd4\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01\u5728\u300a\u516c\u773e\u53ca\u5176\u554f\u984c\u300b\u4e2d\u5217\u8209\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c:\u201c\u53cb\u611b\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u3002 p.329\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. \u5982\u679c\u7b46\u8005\u5fc5\u9808\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8cbc\u4e0a\u6a19\u7c64\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u675c\u5a01\u5f0f\u793e\u6703\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u201c\u793e\u7fa4\u751f\u6d3b\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8eab\u201d\u548c\u201c\u812b\u96e2\u4e86\u7fa4\u9ad4\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u53cb\u611b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6551\u85e5\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

33. \u5361\u723e\u9813\uff0cp. 19\u3002\u5361\u723e\u9813\u9084\u76f8\u4fe1\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u7cbe\u82f1\u201c\u9858\u610f\u7d66\u4e88\u4eba\u5011\u4ed6\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u6771\u897f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u597d\u7684\u6771\u897f\u201d\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u500b\u8981\u6c42\u6703\u906d\u5230\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u62d2\u7d55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

34. \u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0d\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u6301\u6279\u8a55\u614b\u5ea6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u9810\u8a2d\u5c0d\u65bc\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

35. \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u962e\u82f1\u4fca(A. T. Nuyen) (2001),\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u5b78\u8aaa\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e9e\u6d32\u54f2\u5b78\u300b11. 2\uff1a61-71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36. \u53c3\u95b1\u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u300b6. 4\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u5b54\u5b50\u4e0d\u8d0a\u540c\u5189\u6709\u7d66\u5b50\u83ef\u6bcd\u89aa\u90a3\u9ebc\u591a\u7c9f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5b50\u83ef\u7684\u624d\u5fb7\u4e0d\u914d\u5f97\u9019\u9ebc\u591a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b50\u83ef\u5df2\u7d93\u5f88\u5bcc\u8db3\u4e86\u3002\u9084\u53ef\u53c3\u95b1\u5289\u6bbf\u7235\u8b6f\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b1B5\u00a0 (1970),\u00a0 (Harmondsworth;\u00a0 Penguin),\u00a0 p.65; \u9673\u7956\u70ba(Joseph Chan)\uff082001\uff09\u201c\u8a8d\u8b58\u5112\u5bb6\u6b63\u7fa9\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u969b\u6587\u5316\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u58c7\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

37. \u300a\u8340\u5b50\u300b(\u738b\u5236\u7bc7\u7b2c\u4e5d)\u5728\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u8afe\u5e03\u7f85\u514b(John Knoblock)\u7ffb\u8b6f(1990)\u300a\u8340\u5b50\u5168\u96c6:\u7ffb\u8b6f\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u300b(Stanford;\u00a0 Stanford University Press)\uff0cvo1.II, p.98\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

38. \u95dc\u65bc\u5b54\u5b50\u201c\u5dee\u5225\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u7684\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u9673\u7d20\u82ac(Sor-hoon Tan)\u300a\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u675c\u5a01\u5f0f\u91cd\u5efa\u300b(2004)\u00a0 (Albany:\u00a0 State University of New York Press)\uff0c98-112\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

39. \u7f85\u7d0d\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1(Ronald Dworkin)\u00a0 (2000) ,\u300a\u81f3\u9ad8\u7121\u4e0a\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7:\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u300b(Cambridge:\u00a0 Harvard University Press) \uff0cp. 204\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u85c9\u7528\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u5c0d\u65bc\u8981\u6c42\u96c6\u9ad4\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u5c0d\u9078\u64c7\u654f\u611f\u548c\u975e\u654f\u611f\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u5340\u5225\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6307\u201c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6b63\u78ba\u89e3\u6c7a\u8fa6\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b63\u7fa9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6c7a\u5b9a\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u5167\u7684\u50be\u5411\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u548c\u5206\u914d\u201d\uff0c\u9ad4\u7f70\uff0c\u6b67\u8996\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u5247\u9593\u984c\u7b49\u548c\u9019\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u7684\u5c0d\u9078\u64c7\u975e\u654f\u611f\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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