{"id":4491,"date":"2023-03-07T21:59:07","date_gmt":"2023-03-07T21:59:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/?p=4491"},"modified":"2023-03-09T23:17:59","modified_gmt":"2023-03-09T23:17:59","slug":"%e5%85%88%e7%a7%a6%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b3%e7%ad%89%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e4%bb%b7%e5%80%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/blog\/2023\/03\/07\/%e5%85%88%e7%a7%a6%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b3%e7%ad%89%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e4%bb%b7%e5%80%bc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u8207\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/%e9%99%88%e7%b4%a0%e8%8a%ac\/\" data-type=\"page\" 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style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u5021\u5c0e\u4e4b\u7406\u60f3\u793e\u6703\u5411\u4f86\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u968e\u7d1a\u793e\u6703\u3002\u5f9e\u6c11\u4e3b\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u60f3\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u6b64\u4e43\u5112\u5bb6\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u4e4b\u4e00\u5927\u7d46\u8173\u77f3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u4e26\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u737b\u4e5f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6c92\u63d0\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u6216\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u53ef\u8cb4\uff0c\u7576\u4ee3\u5b78\u8005\u4e0d\u4e4f\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u5bb9\u7d0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6b64\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c\u8005\u3002\u901a\u904e\u68b3\u7406\u5c0d\u9019\u8ab2\u984c\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u53ca\u53cd\u601d\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u8207\u529f\u7528\uff0c\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u63d0\u8b70\u5f9e\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u737b\u88e1\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7406\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f86\u91cd\u5efa\u73fe\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49\u89c0\u3002\u6368\u68c4\u50b3\u7d71\u897f\u65b9\u5e73\u7b49\u89c0\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u793e\u6703\u5171\u6709\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u554f\u984c\u4f5c\u8d77\u9ede\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5411\u5e0c\u671b\u907f\u958b\u524a\u8db3\u9069\u5c65\u3002\u6c42\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u7576\u5152\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f9e\u5112\u5bb6\u8996\u89d2\u63d0\u51fa\u91cd\u65b0\u5be9\u6838\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u7fa9\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><strong>\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7a76\u7adf\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u53ef\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u8996\u5176\u70ba\u50f9\u503c\uff1f\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\uff0c\u5bb9\u7d0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\uff1f\u5728\u53f2\u83ef\u6148 (Schwartz 1985, 68-71) \u773c\u88e1\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5b78\u8aaa\u201c\u6beb\u4e0d\u7336\u8c6b\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u7b49\u7d1a\u5dee\u7570\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u6b0a\u5a01\u5728\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u89c0\u9ede\u6700\u6709\u529b\u8b49\u64da\u51fa\u81ea\u8340\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>\u5206\u5747\u5247\u4e0d\u504f\uff0c\u57f6\u9f4a\u5247\u4e0d\u58f9\uff0c\u773e\u9f4a\u5247\u4e0d\u4f7f\u3002\u6709\u5929\u6709\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6709\u5dee\uff1b\u660e\u738b\u59cb\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u8655\u570b\u6709\u88fd\u3002\u592b\u5169\u8cb4\u4e4b\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u4e8b\uff0c\u5169\u8ce4\u4e4b\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u4f7f\uff0c\u662f\u5929\u6578\u4e5f\u3002\u57f6\u4f4d\u9f4a\uff0c\u800c\u6b32\u60e1\u540c\uff0c\u7269\u4e0d\u80fd\u6fb9\u5247\u5fc5\u722d\uff1b\u722d\u5247\u5fc5\u4e82\uff0c\u4e82\u5247\u7aae\u77e3\u3002\u5148\u738b\u60e1\u5176\u4e82\u4e5f\uff0c\u6545\u5236\u79ae\u7fa9\u4ee5\u5206\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6709\u8ca7\u5bcc\u8cb4\u8ce4\u4e4b\u7b49\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u76f8\u517c\u81e8\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u990a\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u672c\u4e5f\u3002 \uff08\u738b\u5236\u7bc7\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u4f46\u9019\u662f\u5426\u4ee3\u8868\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6d41\u601d\u60f3\u5168\u9762\u5426\u5b9a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u63d0\u9192\u638c\u6b0a\u8005\u2018\u4e0d\u60a3\u5be1\uff0c\u60a3\u4e0d\u5747\u2019(\u5b63\u6c0f16.1)\u3002\u8ad6\u8a9e\u96d6\u7136\u63d0\u5021\u7a69\u56fa\u793e\u6703\u5dee\u5e8f\u7684\u79ae (\u516b\u4f913.22)\uff0c\u4e14\u5fcc\u2018\u72af\u4e0a\u2019(\u5b78\u800c1.2)\uff0c\u537b\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u5f37\u8abf\u79ae\u5c0d\u4e0a\u7d1a\u7684\u7d04\u675f (\u516b\u4f913.19)\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u79ae\u5305\u542b\u96d9\u5411\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7dad\u8b77\u4e00\u908a\u5012\uff0c\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5404\u5b78\u8005 (Nuyen 2000, 68\uff1b Li 2012\uff0c 296-97) \u4e5f\u8a6e\u91cb\u5112\u5bb6\u9078\u8ce2\u8209\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7121\u689d\u4ef6\u63a5\u53d7\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6301\u6709\u6279\u5224\u614b\u5ea6\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u793e\u6703\u7b49\u7d1a\u4e4b\u5206\u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\u70ba\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u963f\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5fb7\u6b63\u7fa9\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u7a31\u5e73\u7b49(proportional equality) \u539f\u5247:\u2018\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u2019(treat equals equally, treat unequals unequally)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u6301\u5112\u5bb6\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u770b\u6cd5\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u6700\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u662f\u5b5f\u5b50 (Bloom 1998; Ching 1998)\u3002\u5176\u6027\u5584\u8ad6\uff0c\u56db\u7aef\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ca\u2018\u4eba\u7686\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u582f\u821c\u2019\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u2018\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u2019(\u2018free and equal person\u2019) \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee5\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u8ad6\u8b49\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u5c64\u9762\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u4e00\u8996\u540c\u4ec1\u3002\u5e73\u7b49\u5f85\u9047\u662f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5c0d\u5f85\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u5e73\u7b49 (moral equality) \uff0c\u662f\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u5e73\u7b49\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\uff0c\u6b0a\u5229\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6839\u64da\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b5f\u5b50\u7684\u6027\u5584\uff0c\u56db\u7aef\u7b49\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6c92\u9054\u5230\u540c\u6a23\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5b5f\u65e6 (Munro 1969, 11-16, 49-83) \u5c31\u8a8d\u70ba\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5929\u751f\u7684\u5e73\u7b49 (natural equality)\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u8a55\u50f9\u4e0a\u5e73\u7b49 (evaluative equality)\u3002 \u2018\u6027\u76f8\u8fd1\u4e5f\uff0c\u7fd2\u76f8\u9060\u4e5f\u3002 \u2019(\u967d\u8ca817.2) \u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u6ce8\u91cd\u56e0\u7fd2\u800c\u7570\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5dee\u7b49\uff0c\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u662f\u6839\u64da\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u9053\u5fb7\u4fee\u990a\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u800c\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u653f\u7b56\u6642\uff0c\u8a55\u50f9\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6bd4\u5929\u751f\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4f86\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7576\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b78\u5c0d\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u65bc\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u6216\u660e\u78ba\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u904e\u9069\u7576\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u8a6e\u91cb\u7d93\u5178\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u9032\u884c\u5275\u9020\u6027\u8f49\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u7576\u4eca\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u6216\u73fe\u5be6\u554f\u984c\u70ba\u7126\u9ede\uff0c\u501f\u9452\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b78\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u91cd\u69cb\u5112\u5bb6\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5c0b\u627e\u5be6\u73fe\u5176\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u674e\u6668\u967d (Li 2012, 298) \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u57fa\u65bc\u80af\u5b9a\u4eba\u985e\u9053\u5fb7\u6f5b\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u5c0d\u4e00\u5e73\u7b49 (numerical equality) \u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5b5f\u5b50\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u985e\u5c0a\u56b4\u6240\u61c9\u5f97\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\u3002\u97d3\u88d4\u5b78\u8005\u8a31\u862d\u73e0 (Herr 2010) \u627f\u8a8d\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6240\u4f54\u5730\u4f4d\u4e26\u4e0d\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5979\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u5982\u8981\u6210\u5c31\u5112\u5bb6\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6f5b\u80fd\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u7d66\u4e88\u4eba\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u904e\u53bb\u5112\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u5021\u5c0e\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4eba\u683c\u4ecd\u7136\u61c9\u8a72\u4eab\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u53c3\u8207\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u6df1\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u628a\u6bcf\u4e00\u6210\u54e1\u7576\u6210\u2018\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u2019\u7684\u793e\u6703 (Rawls 1993, 3)\u3002\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u7a31\u5e73\u7b49\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u2018\u81f3\u4e0a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u2019(sovereign virtue)\uff1a\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u570b\u6c11\u4e00\u8996\u540c\u4ec1\u662f\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3 (Dworkin 2000)\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u773c\u88e1\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u5728\u65bc\u5b83\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u64c1\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u73fe\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u5bb9\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u662f\u5be6\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\uff1a\u2018\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968\u2019\u7684\u666e\u9078\u6b0a\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7d66\u4e88\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u529b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7531\u8ab0\u57f7\u653f\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c07\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u9019\u7406\u60f3\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u7576\u7136\u5f88\u96e3\u5b8c\u5168\u5be6\u73fe\u3002\u5df4\u4f2f (Barber 2001, 25) \u5f62\u5bb9\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u2018\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u8cb4\u65cf\u2019\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3002\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u8cb4\u65cf\u793e\u6703\u8b93\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u51cc\u99d5\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\u800c\u7522\u751f\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5805\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5c0d\u6297\u58d3\u8feb\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u3002\u7576\u5e74\u6d1b\u514b\u5c31\u4ee5\u2018\u4eba\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4e14\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u2019\u70ba\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u8ad6\u8b49\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5728\u65bc\u88ab\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u540c\u610f\u8ce6\u4e88\u653f\u5e9c\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e3b\u5f35\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u66ff\u4ee3\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u541b\u4e3b\u5236 (Locke 1698\/1960, 269)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u89c0\u662f\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b78\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\u6709\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5be6\u969b\u7d93\u9a57\u6216\u89c0\u5bdf\u6240\u7d04\u675f\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u5f37\u8abf\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u7684\u2018\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u2019\u4e0d\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5 (Rawls 1993, 3)\uff0c<a href=\"http:\/\/search.dangdang.com\/?key2=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%A6&amp;medium=01&amp;category_path=01.00.00.00.00.00\">\u6c83\u723e\u5fb7\u502b<\/a> \u537b\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5f8c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u5373\u4f7f\u4eca\u6642\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u4ecd\u9700\u8981\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u77f3 (Waldron 2002, 236)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u57fa\u790e\u4e5f\u9650\u5236\u9019\u7a2e\u5e73\u7b49\u89c0\u5728\u91cd\u69cb\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b78\u6642\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002\u4ee5\u5176\u5c0b\u627e\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8a66\u554f\u70ba\u4f55\u5e73\u7b49\u6703\u6210\u70ba\u4eba\u4eba\u56ae\u5f80\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5728\u4ec0\u9ebc\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4eba\u5011\u6700\u6e34\u671b\u6c11\u4e3b\u6240\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\u56de\u9867\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6b77\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u96e3\u767c\u73fe\u5176\u63a8\u52d5\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u4f86\u81ea\u4e0d\u6eff\u4ee5\u81f3\u53cd\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u5c08\u5236\u653f\u6b0a\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u8b93\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u88ab\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u5be6\u6cc1\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89e3\u653e\u7d93\u6b77\u4e5f\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u5c0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u4ee5\u6b64\u7a2e\u5171\u6709\u7684\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u554f\u984c\u70ba\u7126\u9ede\uff0c\u5c07\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u85c9\u9451\u897f\u65b9\u7d93\u9a57\u8207\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u6ce8\u91cd\u672c\u8eab\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u6cc1\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u91cd\u69cb\u73fe\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49\u89c0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7576\u88ab\u554f\u8d77\u2018\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f \u2019\u6216\u2018\u5e73\u7b49\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u50f9\u503c\uff1f \u2019\u6642\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u986f\u793a\u4eba\u5011\u66f4\u591a\u6642\u5019\u662f\u4e0d\u6eff\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u9020\u6210\u5404\u7a2e\u5f0a\u75c5\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6e1b\u5c11\u6216\u5277\u9664\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4fbf\u80fd\u4f7f\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u66f4\u7f8e\u597d\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u66f4\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u62d2\u7d55\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u5728\u65bc\u5e73\u7b49\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u5167\u5728\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5c0d\u8655\u65bc\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4e4b\u8ca7\u56f0\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u95dc\u61f7\uff0c\u6216\u56e0\u53d7\u58d3\u8feb\u800c\u88ab\u525d\u596a\u5404\u4eba\u81ea\u7531 (Scanlon 2000)\u3002\u9019\u8868\u793a\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8b93\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6771\u897f\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u90fd\u7d55\u5c0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d \u2014 \u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9054\u5230\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5236\u4e0b\u4e5f\u4e26\u975e\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\uff1a\u8d0f\u5f97\u57f7\u653f\u6b0a\u7b49\u65bc\u7372\u5f97\u5728\u6307\u5c0e\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\u591a\u65bc\u88ab\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u91cd\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8981\u6c42\u9019\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u529b\u4f86\u81ea\u516c\u5e73\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u8aaa\u670d\u6c11\u773e\u8a8d\u53ef\u5b83\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u884c\u4f7f\u6b0a\u529b\u6642\u5c0d\u6c11\u773e\u8ca0\u8cac\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u90fd\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u90fd\u53ef\u60e1\u6216\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6216\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u901a\u904e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4f46\u7b26\u5408\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u916c\u52de\u63d0\u5347\u751f\u7522\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e26\u975e\u5169\u500b\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7406\u60f3\u76ee\u7684\uff1b\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u5fc5\u8981\u53ea\u9078\u5176\u4e00\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b78\u6216\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4fdd\u5b58\u6216\u589e\u52a0\u2018\u90a3\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f \u2019\u53c8\u9664\u6389\u6216\u6e1b\u5c11\u2018\u90a3\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f \u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u737b\u5c0d\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u8340\u5b50\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u4ed6\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u727d\u6d89\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u4fdd\u8b49\u3002\u4ed6\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5340\u5206\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u6709\u76ca\u8207\u7121\u76ca\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>\u8cb4\u8ce4\u4e4b\u7b49\uff0c\u9577\u5e7c\u4e4b\u5dee\uff0c\u77e5\u611a\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u7686\u4f7f\u4eba\u8f09\u5176\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u5404\u5f97\u5176\u5b9c\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u4f7f\u8c37\u797f\u591a\u5c11\u539a\u8584\u4e4b\u7a31\uff0c\u662f\u592b\u7fa4\u5c45\u548c\u4e00\u4e4b\u9053\u4e5f\u3002 \uff08\u69ae\u8fb1\u7bc7\uff09&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u9019\u985e\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u9084\u9700\u8981\u5408\u7406\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u624d\u53ef\u9054\u5230\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>\u96d6\u738b\u516c\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u4e4b\u5b50\u5b6b\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c6c\u65bc\u79ae\u7fa9\uff0c\u5247\u6b78\u4e4b\u5eb6\u4eba\u3002\u96d6\u5eb6\u4eba\u4e4b\u5b50\u5b6b\u4e5f\uff0c\u7a4d\u6587\u5b78\uff0c\u6b63\u8eab\u884c\uff0c\u80fd\u5c6c\u65bc\u79ae\u7fa9\uff0c\u5247\u6b78\u4e4b\u537f\u76f8\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u3002 \uff08\u738b\u5236\u7bc7\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u537b\u5c07\u5e36\u4f86\u707d\u5bb3\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u8340\u5b50\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u6216\u734e\u52f5\u4e0d\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u617e\u671b\uff0c\u9867\u5168\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u6f32\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8d0a\u540c\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65b7\u5b9a\u5b83\u662f\u4ea1\u570b\u4e4b\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>\u7b50\u7bcb\u5df2\u5bcc\uff0c\u5e9c\u5eab\u5df2\u5be6\uff0c\u800c\u767e\u59d3\u8ca7\uff1a\u592b\u662f\u4e4b\u8b02\u4e0a\u6ea2\u800c\u4e0b\u6f0f\u3002\u5165\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b88\uff0c\u51fa\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6230\uff0c\u5247\u50be\u8986\u6ec5\u4ea1\u53ef\u7acb\u800c\u5f85\u4e5f\u3002 \uff08\u738b\u5236\u7bc7\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5c0d\u5229\u76ca\u8ca1\u5bcc\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u8340\u5b50\u5ef6\u7e8c\u4e86\u5b54\u5b5f\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u5b54\u5b50\u6bd4\u8340\u5b50\u66f4\u50be\u5411\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8a55\u7576\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u8caa\u5a6a\uff0c\u8b66\u544a\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u64d4\u6182\u7684\u662f\u5229\u76ca\u8ca1\u5bcc\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u798d\u5bb3\u751a\u65bc\u8ca7\u56f0\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u554f\u984c\u2018\u4e0d\u60a3\u5be1\uff0c\u60a3\u4e0d\u5747\u2019 \uff08\u5b63\u6c0f16.1\uff09\u3002\u6709\u5fb7\u6709\u80fd\u8005\u61c9\u5c45\u4e0a\u4f4d\uff0c\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6cbb\u570b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6b0a\u52e2\u725f\u53d6\u79c1\u5229\u3002\u7576\u54c0\u516c\u57cb\u6028\u7a05\u6536\u4e0d\u5920\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u6709\u82e5\u56de\u61c9\uff1a\u2018\u767e\u59d3\u8db3\uff0c\u541b\u5b70\u8207\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1f\u767e\u59d3\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u541b\u5b70\u8207\u8db3\uff1f \u2019\uff08\u984f\u6df5\u7bc712.9\uff09\u5b54\u5b50\u4e0d\u6eff\u5189\u6709\u7d66\u516c\u897f\u83ef\u6bcd\u89aa\u516b\u5341\u77f3\u7684\u5c0f\u7c73\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u51fa\u4f7f\u9f4a\u570b\u7684\u516c\u897f\u83ef\u624d\u5fb7\u6216\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u73fe\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u56de\u5831\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u6709\u2018\u4e58\u80a5\u99ac\uff0c\u8863\u8f15\u88d8\u2019\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u4ed6\u6bcd\u89aa\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4ed6\u4eba\u6551\u6fdf\u3002\u5c0d\u5b54\u5b50\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u2018\u541b\u5b50\u9031\u6025\u4e0d\u7e7c\u5bcc\u2019\u3002 \uff08\u96cd\u4e5f\u7bc76.4\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5b5f\u5b50\u63d0\u5021\u6c11\u8cb4\u541b\u8f15\u7684\u6c11\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u8cac\u7576\u6642\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u8caa\u5a6a\u548c\u81ea\u79c1\u7d66\u4eba\u6c11\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u63aa\u8a5e\u56b4\u53b2\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>\u5e96\u6709\u80a5\u8089\uff0c\u53a9\u6709\u80a5\u99ac\uff0c\u6c11\u6709\u98e2\u8272\uff0c\u91ce\u6709\u9913\u83a9\uff0c\u6b64\u7387\u7378\u800c\u98df\u4eba\u4e5f\u3002\u7378\u76f8\u98df\uff0c\u4e14\u4eba\u60e1\u4e4b\uff1b\u70ba\u6c11\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u65bc\u7387\u7378\u800c\u98df\u4eba\u3002\u60e1\u5728\u5176\u70ba\u6c11\u7236\u6bcd\u4e5f\uff1f \uff08\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u7ae0\u53e5\u4e0a\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5b5f\u5b50\u5f37\u8abf\u6cbb\u570b\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u8207\u4eba\u6c11\u540c\u7518\u5171\u82e6\uff0c\u2018\u8207\u767e\u59d3\u540c\u6a02\uff0c\u5247\u738b\u77e3\u3002 \u2019 \uff08\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u7ae0\u53e5\u4e0b\uff09\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u653f\u5e9c\u61c9\u8a72\u7279\u5225\u7167\u9867\u6700\u8ca7\u56f0\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>\u6614\u8005\u6587\u738b\u4e4b\u6cbb\u5c90\u4e5f\uff0c\u8015\u8005\u4e5d\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed5\u8005\u4e16\u797f\uff0c\u95dc\u5e02\u8b4f\u800c\u4e0d\u5fb5\uff0c\u6fa4\u6881\u7121\u7981\uff0c\u7f6a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b65\u3002\u8001\u800c\u7121\u59bb\u66f0\u9c25\uff0c\u8001\u800c\u7121\u592b\u66f0\u5be1\uff0c\u8001\u800c\u7121\u5b50\u66f0\u7368\uff0c\u5e7c\u800c\u7121\u7236\u66f0\u5b64\u3002\u6b64\u56db\u8005\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u7aae\u6c11\u800c\u7121\u544a\u8005\u3002\u6587\u738b\u767c\u653f\u65bd\u4ec1\uff0c\u5fc5\u5148\u65af\u56db\u8005\u3002\u8a69\u4e91\uff0c\u300e\u54ff\u77e3\u5bcc\u4eba\uff0c\u54c0\u6b64\u7162\u7368\u3002 \u300f\uff08\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u7ae0\u53e5\u4e0b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5b5f\u5b50\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ea\u8981\u9858\u610f\u8207\u4eba\u6c11\u5206\u4eab\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u81ea\u8a8d\u8caa\u8ca1\u597d\u8272\u5982\u9f4a\u5ba3\u738b\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u884c\u738b\u9053\u3002\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u617e\u671b\u9700\u8981\u8207\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u617e\u671b\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u2018\u5df1\u6240\u4e0d\u6b32\uff0c\u52ff\u65bd\u65bc\u4eba\u2019\uff08\u984f\u6df5\u7bc712.2\uff1b\u885b\u9748\u516c\u7bc715.24\uff09\uff0c\u2018\u5df1\u6b32\u7acb\u800c\u7acb\u4eba\uff0c\u5df1\u6b32\u9054\u800c\u9054\u4eba\u2019\uff08\u96cd\u4e5f\u7bc76.30\uff09\u7684\u4ec1\u9053\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u800c\u9019\u6070\u597d\u5951\u5408\u88ab\u5167\u683c\u723e (Nagel 1979) \u6307\u70ba\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u6700\u666e\u904d\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u2018\u91d1\u898f\u2019(Golden Rule) \u5f0f\u9053\u5fb7\u63a8\u7406\uff1a\u8a2d\u8eab\u8655\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u770b\u5f85\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5148\u79e6\u5112\u5bb6\u5178\u7c4d\u4e2d\u6240\u6279\u5224\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6279\u5224\u51fa\u81ea\u5c0d\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u4e0b\u8ca7\u56f0\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u95dc\u61f7\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u5112\u5bb6\u4ec1\u653f\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5f35\u5fb7\u653f\uff0c\u9078\u8ce2\u8209\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u8207\u80fd\u90fd\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5be6\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u5206\u914d\u4e5f\u96a8\u4e4b\u61c9\u7576\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5236\u4e2d\u2018\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968\u2019\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u6210\u5c0d\u6bd4\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u9593\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1f\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6216\u8a31\u80fd\u555f\u767c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5112\u5bb6\u53ef\u5426\uff0c\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u63a5\u7d0d\u73fe\u4ee3\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4e26\u7121\u5171\u8b58\u3002\u91cd\u8996\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u70ba\u7126\u9ede\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c0\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\u6bcf\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u985e\u2018\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u5404\u7a2e\u7dad\u8b77\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5206\u914d\u6b63\u7fa9\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u77db\u76fe\u2019 \uff08Post 2006, 24\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u6b50\u6d32\u555f\u8499\u6642\u671f\u4fbf\u8207\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u6709\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u4f11\u8b28\u5c31\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u591a\u6a23\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u8b93\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6240\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u90fd\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e26\u7dad\u6301\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u5c07\u5c0e\u81f4\u2018\u6700\u82db\u523b\u7684\u903c\u554f\uff0c\u6700\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u5211\u7f70\u2019\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5730\u2018\u6dea\u70ba\u66b4\u653f\u2019(Hume 1777\/1975, 194)\u3002\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u8a8d\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0b\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\u662f\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u7121\u6cd5\u5bb9\u7d0d\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u6240\u9808\u8981\u7684\u2018\u5dee\u5225\u6027\u5f37\u8feb\u2019(Hayek 1960, 87)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7576\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0d\u4e4f\u7dad\u8b77\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u8005\u3002\u8cbb\u5229\u666e\u65af\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u9700\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u7f3a\u4e00\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7d93\u6fdf\u80fd\u529b\u843d\u5dee\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u8981\u8996\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u6c11\u70ba\u64c1\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u540c\u80de\u5c07\u5f88\u56f0\u96e3 (Phillips 1979, 15)\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u689d\u4ef6\u8207\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u6b0a\u5229\u662f\u5426\u5f97\u5230\u540c\u7b49\u4fdd\u8b77\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u5206\u914d\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0b\u662f\u5426\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u8ca7\u5bcc\u61f8\u6b8a\u5c07\u4f7f\u4eba\u61f7\u7591\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u5426\u5c0d\u516c\u6c11\u4e00\u8996\u540c\u4ec1\uff0c\u76e1\u529b\u4fdd\u8b77\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u52d5\u6416\u6c11\u4e3b\u5408\u6cd5\u6027 (Dworkin 2000, 18)\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u516d\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c31\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\u6536\u5165\u7684\u5206\u914d\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u963b\u7919\u4e86\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53c3\u8207 (Verba, Nie and Kim 1978) \u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u82e5\u5141\u8a31\u9f90\u5927\u7684\u7af6\u9078\u958b\u92b7\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u696d\u8d0a\u52a9\u5019\u9078\u4eba\u8207\u653f\u9ee8\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u82e5\u5305\u62ec\u5229\u76ca\u5718\u9ad4\u52d5\u7528\u5404\u7a2e\u8cc7\u6e90\u904a\u8aaa\u6c11\u610f\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u90a3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u5206\u914d\u80af\u5b9a\u5f71\u97ff\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u3002\u5f9e\u800c\u63a8\u8ad6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u9577\u671f\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5be6\u73fe\u9700\u8981\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u5411\u7684\u3002\u6e1b\u4f4e\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u5be6\u969b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u4e5f\u66fe\u63a8\u52d5\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u66fe\u7d93\u8655\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0b\u5c64\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u904b\u7528\u8d0f\u5f97\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u7dad\u8b77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u9032\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u9019\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7e2e\u5c0f\u8ca7\u5bcc\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\uff0c\u4e5f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u8ca7\u56f0\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u5230\u986f\u8457\u7684\u6539\u9032\uff0c\u51fa\u65bc\u4eba\u9053\u95dc\u61f7\u800c\u6279\u5224\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u8ddf\u8457\u6e1b\u5f31\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u904e\u5ea6\u53ca\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u5730\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u72a7\u7272\u5e02\u5834\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u6709\u640d\u4f01\u696d\u5275\u9020\u6027\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u529b\u548c\u7e41\u69ae\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4f7f\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u958b\u59cb\u61f7\u7591\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u6279\u8a55\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u662f\u2018\u5f80\u4e0b\u62c9\u5e73\u2019(leveling down)\uff0c\u640d\u4eba\u53c8\u4e0d\u5229\u5df1\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u798f\u5229\u5236\u5ea6\u6d6e\u73fe\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5f0a\u7aef\u4e5f\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u5f9e\u6536\u5165\u548c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u500b\u4eba\u8cac\u4efb\u548c\u5728\u4ec0\u9ebc\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u624d\u61c9\u5f97\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u904e\u5ea6\u8ffd\u6c42\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u5bb3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u8996\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u884c\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u727d\u5236\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u6295\u5165\u5168\u7403\u5316\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u5f8c\uff0c\u90fd\u9762\u81e8\u65e5\u8da8\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u60e1\u6027\u5faa\u74b0\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u826f\u6027\u4e92\u52d5\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u5982\u4eca\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6230\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u91cd\u6574\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u91cd\u5efa\u73fe\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49\u89c0<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p 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style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\u500d\u589e\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u6c11\u539f\u5148\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u71b1\u5ff1\u92b3\u6e1b (Rutland 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