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2. \u6d88\u9664\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6027<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

3. \u91cd\u5851\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u3002\u8c9d\u6de1\u5be7\uff08Daniel A. Bell\uff09\u66fe\u5efa\u8b70\u4e00\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u5354\u8abf\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u5c0d\u667a\u6167\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7cbe\u82f1\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\u548c\u5927\u773e\u53c3\u8207\u3001\u8cac\u4efb\u5ea6\u548c\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c\u201d\u300234<\/a><\/sup>\u8c9d\u723e\u7684\u201c\u5177\u6709\u5112\u5bb6\u7279\u5fb5\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u5c07\u6703\u6709\u5169\u500b\u8b70\u6703\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a5f\u95dc\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u7684\u4e0b\u8b70\u9662\u548c\u4e0a\u8b70\u9662\uff08\u8ce2\u58eb\u9662\uff1a\u201c\u6709\u624d\u80fd\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u8b70\u9662\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u9084\u5177\u6709\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7684\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u7af6\u722d\u6027\u7684\u8003\u8a66\u4f86\u9078\u62d4\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u5728\u9078\u64c7\u5584\u65bc\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u4eba\u6642\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9078\u8209\u7bb1\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u7d93\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5df2\u7d93\u8a3b\u610f\u5230\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u5716\u4e9e\u7279\u00b7\u5bc6\u723e\uff08J. S. Mill\uff09\u7684\u300a\u8ad6\u4ee3\u8b70\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u5efa\u8b70\u5206\u96e2\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8077\u80fd\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5c07\u201c\u516c\u773e\u63a7\u5236\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5c08\u696d\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u884c\u653f\u201d\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u300235<\/a><\/sup>\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u50da\u6a5f\u69cb\u5df2\u7d93\u901a\u904e\u7cbe\u82f1\u62db\u52df\u548c\u63d0\u5347\uff08\u901a\u904e\u7af6\u722d\u6027\u7684\u516c\u52d9\u54e1\u8003\u8a66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u6280\u8853\uff1a\u9019\u9084\u88ab\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u6a5f\u5236\u6240\u88dc\u5145\uff1a\u7531\u9080\u8acb\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0a\u91dd\u5c0d\u5404\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u7279\u5225\u5efa\u8b70\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5b89\u6392\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5c0d\u9078\u8209\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4ee3\u8868\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u505a\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u6b0a\u529b\u662f\u901a\u904e\u9078\u8209\u904e\u7a0b\u8ce6\u4e88\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u3002\u8c9d\u723e\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u5c07\u6703\u6539\u8b8a\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u72c0\u6cc1\uff1a\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5efa\u8b70\u6216\u57f7\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7d66\u4e88\u5c08\u5bb6\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\u300236<\/a><\/sup>\u5728\u8003\u616e\u9019\u5169\u500b\u8b70\u9662\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u885d\u7a81\u6642\uff0c\u8c9d\u723e\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u66f4\u5f37\u7684\u4e0a\u8b70\u9662\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u627f\u8a8d\u6b77\u53f2\u8da8\u52e2\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u7684\u4e0b\u8b70\u9662\u5c07\u6703\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n

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\n

\u6545\u738b\u8005\u5bcc\u6c11\uff0c\u9738\u8005\u5bcc\u58eb\uff0c\u50c5\u5b58\u4e4b\u570b\u5bcc\u5927\u592b\uff0c\u4ea1\u570b\u5bcc\u7b50\u7b50\uff0c\u5be6\u5e9c\u5eab\u300264<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u64c1\u6709\u8005\u548c\u975e\u64c1\u6709\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u9ad8\u5c64\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u8340\u5b50\u5805\u6301\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u201c\u4e0a\u201d\u61c9\u7576\u50cf\u201c\u5982\u4fdd\u8d64\u5b50\u201d\u90a3\u6a23\u5c0d\u5f85\u201c\u4e0b\u201d\u3002\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u904e\u7d66\u4e88\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u512a\u5148\u6027\u800c\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff1a\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u8f03\u5c11\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u4f86\u81ea\u7576\u6b0a\u7684\u66f4\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u7167\u9867\u300265<\/a><\/sup>\u96d6\u7136\u5112\u5bb6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5805\u6301\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u6216\u5167\u5728\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u9084\u662f\u901a\u5e38\u8a8d\u53ef\u4e86\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u7dad\u6301\u4efb\u4f55\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u986f\u8457\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u901a\u904e\u8996\u5e73\u7b49\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u6027\u50f9\u503c\u800c\u4fee\u6b63\u4e86\u5c0d\u5e73\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u50b3\u7d71\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u53c3\u8207\u5230\u6cbb\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5141\u8a31\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6d88\u6975\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u8207\u5bcc\u4eba\u548c\u6709\u6b0a\u4e4b\u4eba\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u592a\u591a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u904f\u5236\u8457\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u7834\u58de\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u59a8\u7919\u4e86\u548c\u8ae7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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4. \u4f5c\u70ba\u502b\u7406\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u502b\u7406\u548c\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u6c92\u6709\u9054\u5230\u90a3\u7a2e\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u73fe\u72c0\u4e4b\u591a\u91cd\u7dad\u5ea6\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7576\u5b83\u5011\u8207\u5efa\u69cb\u6027\u50f9\u503c\uff08\u793e\u7fa4\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u5e73\u7b49\uff09\u76f8\u62b5\u89f8\u6642\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u9ad4\u3002\u54ea\u7a2e\u50f9\u503c\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u5f37\u8abf\u5c07\u96a8\u8457\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u800c\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d\u73fe\u5b58\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4ee5\u793e\u7fa4\u70ba\u4ee3\u50f9\u800c\u5f37\u8abf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff09\u6279\u5224\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5112\u5bb6\u5728\u548c\u8ae7\u793e\u6703\u95dc\u4fc2\u50f9\u503c\u4e0a\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6703\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u90a3\u7a2e\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5851\u9020\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u548c\u8457\u91cd\u9ede\u5c07\u6703\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u88ab\u8aa4\u5c0e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\u5728\u6771\u4e9e\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u4e86\u5c0d\u65bc\u793e\u7fa4\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u904e\u591a\u5f37\u8abf\uff08\u5118\u7ba1\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u201c\u793e\u7fa4\u201d\u7d93\u5e38\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u5e38\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u63d0\u5021\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u61c9\u7576\u523b\u610f\u5f37\u8abf\u53bb\u9664\u90a3\u7a2e\u5c0d\u793e\u7fa4\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c\u542b\u7fa9\u7684\u8aa4\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u4f7f\u7528\u5112\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u6982\u5ff5\u4f86\u6279\u5224\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u6771\u4e9e\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u793e\u7fa4\u201d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u5e38\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7576\u5728\u6771\u4e9e\u5c0d\u500b\u9ad4\u81ea\u7531\u6709\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u6642\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u6703\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5f37\u8abf\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6587\u660e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u4e26\u4e0d\u4f5c\u70ba\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u8236\u4f86\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u57fa\u65bc\u5112\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4f86\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a8\u52d5\u662f\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u8457\u91cd\u9ede\u56e0\u6b64\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba3\u7a31\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c\u6709\u8457\u4efb\u4f55\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u6216\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u7684\u8457\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\u7d14\u7cb9\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff1a\u8003\u616e\u5230\u7576\u524d\u6771\u4e9e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5225\u5340\u57df\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5c07\u6703\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u76ca\uff1a\u7b46\u8005\u6b63\u5728\u56de\u61c9\u7b46\u8005\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e2d\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u63d0\u5021\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f86\u904e\u5206\u8b9a\u63da\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7b46\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2d\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1. \u9996\u5148\u7531\u8cfd\u83ab\u723e\u2022\u99ac\u4e01\u2022\u5229\u666e\u8cfd\u7279 (Seymour Martin Lipset)\u00a0 (1959),\u00a0 \u201cSome Social Pre-requisites of Democracy:\u00a0 Economic Development and Political Legitimacy\u201d,\u00a0 American Political Science Review 53. 1:69-105\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u89c0\u9ede\u9084\u662f\u88ab\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\u6240\u91cd\u65b0\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u7814\u7a7620\u4e16\u7d0070\u5e74\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f49\u8b8a\u7684\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u52de\u745e\u2022\u6234\u723e\u8499\u5fb7 (Larry Diamond)(1992),\u00a0 \u201cEconomic Development and Democracy Reconsidered\u201d,\u00a0 American Behavioral Scientist 15: 450-99\uff0c\u548c\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u95dc\u65bc\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f17\u862d\u897f\u65af\u2022\u798f\u5c71 ( Francis Fukuyama),\u00a0 \u201cConfucianism and Democracy\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u52de\u745e\u2022\u6234\u723e\u8499\u5fb7 (Larry Diamond) \u548c\u99ac\u514b\u2022\u666e\u840a\u7279\u7d0d (Marc F. Plattner) \u6240\u7de8\u7684The Global Divergence of Democracies\u00a0 (Baltimore,\u00a0 MD;\u00a0 Johns Hopkins University Press)\uff0c\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3002\u51f1\u723e\u2022\u514b\u62c9\u514b(Cal Clark)\u5728\u201cModernization,\u00a0 Democracy and the Developmental State in Asia; A Virtuous Cycle or Unraveling Strands?\u201d(\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u2022\u8377\u5229\u83f2\u723e\u5fb7 (James Hollifield) \u548c\u51f1\u723e\u6587\u2022\u5091\u68ee (Calvin Jillson) \u57282000\u5e74\u7de8\u8f2f\u7684Pathways to Democracy,\u00a0 New York:\u00a0 Routledge\uff0c\u7b2c9\u7ae0)\u4e2d\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u201c\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u00a0\u51f1\u7d39\u2022\u99ac\u5e03\u5df4\u5c3c (Kishore Mahbubani)\u00a0 (1995),\u00a0 \u201cThe Pacific Way\u201d,\u00a0 Foreign Affairs74. 1: p. 103\u3002\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\u4e86\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5354\u8abf\uff0c\u9019\u5728\u52de\u745e\u2022\u6234\u723e\u8499\u5fb7 (Larry Diamond) \u548c\u99ac\u514b\u2022\u666e\u840a\u7279\u7d0d (Marc F. Planner) \u57281993\u6240\u7de8\u7684The Global Resurgence of Democracy\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u738b\u6b63\u7dd2 (2008),\u00a0 Democratization in Confucian East Asia;\u00a0 Citizen Politics in China,\u00a0 Singapore, South Korea,\u00a0 Taiwan,\u00a0 and Vietnam\u00a0 (Youngstown,\u00a0 NY:\u00a0 Cambria Press)\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u5c08\u5bb6\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f55\u6642\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u5206\u5316\u8457\u3002\u5728\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b2003\u5e74\u95dc\u65bc\u201c\u4e2d\u570b\u5c0d\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u201d\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5011\u8981\u6bd4\u738b\u6b63\u7dd2\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u8f03\u5c11\u6a02\u89c0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u540c\u4e0a\u66f8\uff0cp. 36\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c226\u9801\u3002\u738b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u7f85\u7d0d\u5fb7\u2022\u82f1\u683c\u54c8\u7279 (Ronald Inglehart) \u548c\u514b\u745e\u65af\u6c40\u2022\u5a01\u723e\u6fa4\u723e (Christian Welzel) \u5728Moderrzization,\u00a0 Cultural Change, and Democracy: the Human Development Sequence (New York:\u00a0 Cambridge University Press)\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u767c\u5c55\u8996\u89d2\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c62-63\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u6a11\u6728\u751f (2004),\u00a0 Theory of Democratization in Steps(\u300a\u68af\u5ea6\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u300b)(Singapore:\u00a0 Hope PublishingHouse)\uff0c\u7b2c48-56\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c270-280\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c301-302\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. \u912d\u6c38\u5e74 (2004)\uff0cWill China Become Democratic? Elite Class and Regime Transition\u00a0 (Singapore:\u00a0 Marshall Cavendish)\uff0cp. 141\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. \u8d99\u7a57\u751f (2006), \u201cPolitical Liberalization without Democratization\u201d\uff0c\u8f09\u65bcDebating Political Reforms in China: Rule of Law vs. Democratization (Armonk, NY; M. E. Sharpe), 41-57, p. 47\u5c0d\u65bc\u9109\u6751\u9078\u8209\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u4f55\u5305\u92fc (2007)\uff0cRural Democracy in China;\u00a0 The Role of Village Elections\u00a0 (New York;\u00a0 Palgrave Macmillan); \u8b5a\u9752\u5c71 (2006)\uff0cVillage Elections in China:\u00a0 Democratizing the Countryside (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon); \u7f85\u5a01\u723e\u2022\u5e95\u7279\u83ab\u723e (Lowell Dittmer) \u548c\u5289\u570b\u7acb(\u7de8)(2006 ), China\u2019s Deep Reform; Domestic Politics in Transition (Lanham, MD;\u00a0 Rowman&Littlefield)\uff0c\u7b2c13, 14\u7ae0;\u4f0a\u9e97\u838e\u767d\u2022\u6d3e\u745e (Elizabeth Perry) \u548c\u83ab\u91cc\u2022\u6208\u5fb7\u66fc (Merle Goldman) (\u7de8) ( 2007 ),\u00a0 Grassroots Political Reform inChina (Cambridge,\u00a0 MA;\u00a0 Harvard University Press)\uff0c\u7b2c2, 3\u7ae0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. \u53f2\u5929\u5065 (2008) ,\u00a0 \u201cChina:\u00a0 Democratic Values Supporting an Authoritarian System\u201d\uff0c\u8f09\u65bc\u6731\u96f2\u6f22 (Yun-han Chu)\uff0c\u52de\u745e\u2022\u6234\u723e\u8499\u5fb7 (Larry Diamond)\uff0c\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb (Andrew Nathan) \u548c\u7533\u9053\u6f88 (Doh Chull Shin) (\u7de8)\uff0cHow East Asians View Democracy\u00a0 (New York;\u00a0 Columbia University Press)\uff0c209-237,\u00a0 pp.235\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. \u5f90\u4e45\u525b\uff0c\u99ae\u9032\u6210\uff0c\u5289\u6f64\u6c11 (2006),\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac:\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cp. 11\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. \u00a0\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u5fb7\u2022\u99ae (Edmund Fung) \u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u57281929\u5e74\u81f31949\u5e74\u9593\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u3002\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u99ae(2000), In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929-1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. \u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u898b\u6cd5\u745e\u5fb7\u2022\u624e\u5361\u745e (Fareed Zakaria)\u00a0 (1994),\u00a0 \u201cCulture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew\u201d,\u00a0 Foreign Affairs 73. 2\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u4e9e\u6d32\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u9010\u6f38\u7a69\u5b9a\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u76f8\u7e7c\u95dc\u65bc\u4e9e\u6d32\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e5f\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u52de\u745e\u2022\u6234\u723e\u8499\u5fb7 (Larry Diamond) \u548c\u99ac\u514b\u2022\u666e\u840a\u7279\u7d0d (Mare F. Plattner) \u57281998\u5e74\u6240\u7de8\u7684Democracy in East Asia \u00a0 (Baltimore,\u00a0 MD;\u00a0 Johns Hopkins University Press)\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u6587\u737b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec:\u6234\u7dad\u5fb7\u2022\u5e0c\u5340\u8003\u514b (1994 ) ,\u00a0 Asian Values and United States ; How Much Conflict? \u00a0 (Washington, \u00a0 D. C.:Center for Strategic and International Studies); \u7d04\u745f\u5c3c.\u8003\u594e\u7433 (Josiane Cauquelin) , \u9b91\u723e\u2022\u6797 (Paul Lim) \u548c\u6ce2\u5409\u2022\u9081\u723e\u4e00\u8003\u5c3c\u683c (Birgit MayerKonig) (\u63a5\u4e0a\u9801\u8a3b)1998\u5e74\u7de8\uff0cAsian Values ;\u00a0 An Encounter with Diversity\u00a0 (Surrey,\u00a0 B. C.:Curzon); \u9ea5\u535a\u2022\u9ec3 (Mob Huang)\u00a0 (2000)\uff0cDebating Asian Values: Saying Too Little or Saying Too Much? (Taipei; Academia Sinica); \u6c5f\u5b9c\u6a3a (2000),\u00a0 Asian Values and Communitarian Democracy\u00a0 (Taipei:\u00a0 Academia Sinica); \u9081\u514b\u723e\u2022\u5df4\u723e (Michael Barr) ( 2002 )\u00a0 Cultural Politics and Asian Values:\u00a0 the Tepid War\u00a0 ( London: Routledge)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Zheng, Will China Become Democratic? \u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u912d\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u95dc\u65bc\u201c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u88ab\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u5176\u5b83\u60c5\u6cc1\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u50c5\u5c31\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u5011\u5377\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u4e9e\u6d32\u50f9\u503c\u201d\u722d\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u827e\u5fb7\u83ef\u2022\u5f17\u745e\u5fb7\u66fc(Edward Friedman)\u5728The Politics of Democratization;\u00a0 Generalizing East Asian Experiences\u00a0 ( Boulder; Westview Press,\u00a0 1994)\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u63d0\u5021\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u9014\u5f91\u201d\u3002\u8209\u4e00\u500b\u5c07\u6587\u5316\u56b4\u8085\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u6771\u4e9e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u2022\u8003\u666e\u9813 (Robert W. Compton Jr.)(2000),\u00a0 East Asian Democratization:\u00a0 Impact of Globalization,\u00a0 Culture and Economy (Westport,\u00a0 CT;\u00a0 Praeger)\u3002 Zheng, Will China Become Democratic? p. 96\u3002\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u725f\u5b97\u4e09\u3001\u5510\u541b\u6bc5\u548c\u5f90\u5fa9\u89c0\u3002\u675c\u7dad\u660e\u4ee5\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8457\u9019\u4e00\u907a\u7522\u3002\u53c3\u898b\u9673\u7d20\u82ac (2008),\u00a0 \u201cModernizing Confucianism and `New-Confucianism\u201d\u2018,\u00a0 The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture, ed. Kam Louie\u00a0 (Cambridge:\u00a0 Cambridge University Press), chapter 7;\u00a0 Hao Chang (1976), \u201cNew Confucianism and Intellectual Crisis of Contemporary China,\u201d Charlotte Furth (ed.), The Limits of Change; Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China\u00a0 (Cambridge,\u00a0 MA;\u00a0 Harvard University Press), pp. 276-304\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Zheng, Will China Become Democratic? p. 96\u3002\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u725f\u5b97\u4e09\u3001\u5510\u541b\u6bc5\u548c\u5f90\u5fa9\u89c0\u3002\u675c\u7dad\u660e\u4ee5\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8457\u9019\u4e00\u907a\u7522\u3002\u53c3\u898b\u9673\u7d20\u82ac (2008),\u00a0 \u201cModernizing Confucianism and `New-Confucianism\u201d\u2018,\u00a0 The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture, ed. Kam Louie\u00a0 (Cambridge:\u00a0 Cambridge University Press), chapter 7;\u00a0 Hao Chang (1976), \u201cNew Confucianism and Intellectual Crisis of Contemporary China,\u201d Charlotte Furth (ed.), The Limits of Change; Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China\u00a0 (Cambridge,\u00a0 MA;\u00a0 Harvard University Press), pp. 276-304\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cp. 82\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. \u675c\u7dad\u660e (Tu Wei-ming) (1984),\u00a0 Confucian Ethics Today:\u00a0 the Singapore Challenge\u00a0 (Singapore;\u00a0 CDIS and Federal Publications),\u00a0 p. 23,\u00a0 p. 90; \u53e6\u898b (1989),\u00a0 Confucianism in an Historical Perspective\u00a0 (Singapore;\u00a0 Institute of East Asian Philosophies), p. 3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. Zheng,  Will China Become Democratic? p. 80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. Lin Yu-Sheng (\u6797\u6bd3\u751f)(1979),\u00a0 The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness:\u00a0 Radical Antitraditionalism in the May Fourth Era\u00a0 (Madison;\u00a0 University of Wisconsin Press); Chang, \u201cNew Confucianism\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. \u9664\u4e86\u4e94\u56db\u53cd\u50b3\u7d71\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6301\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u6bd4\u5982\u767d\u9b6f\u8a62 (Lucian Pye)\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u585e\u7e46\u723e\u2022\u4ea8\u5ef7\u9813 (Samuel Huntington)\u3002\u898b\u7b46\u8005\u4ed6\u5011\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u201cReconstructing Culture\u201d pp. 32-33\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. \u6211\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u6bb5\u95dc\u65bc\u5bb6\u5ead\u9818\u57df\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c07\u95dc\u6ce8\u9670\u967d\u5340\u5206\u4e0b\u8a95\u751f\u7684\u8077\u696d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u80b2\u5152\u670d\u52d9\u3002 Zheng\uff0c Will China Become Democratic?\u00a0 p. 79.\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u5b78\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u4e00\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u97d3\u570b\u50c5\u5c31\u5c0d\u5112\u5bb6\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u4fdd\u7559\u4f86\u8b1b\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. \u5c0d\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e0d\u518d\u63d0\u5021\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u898b\u674e\u6668\u967d (Chenyang Li),\u00a0 The Tao Encounters the West\u00a0 (Albany:\u00a0 State University of New York Press),\u00a0 chapter 7\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5171\u5b58\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6574\u5408\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u50f9\u503c\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. \u4f7f\u7528\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u70ba\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u4f86\u6279\u5224\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u4ee5\u53ca\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u77e5\u540d\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u7f85\u601d\u6587 (Henry Rosemont,\u00a0 Jr. )\uff0c\u90dd\u5927\u7dad (David Hall)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b89\u6a02\u54f2 (Roger Ames)\u7684\u5718\u968a\u3002\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5167\u7dad\u52d2 (Robert Neville)\uff0c\u675c\u7dad\u660e (Tu Wei-ming)\uff0c\u6210\u4e2d\u82f1 (Chung-ying Cheng)\u548c\u5289\u8ff0\u5148 (Shu-hsien Liu)\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u793e\u6703\u8f03\u5c11\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u80fd\u5920\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u699c\u6a23\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u80af\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. Sor-hoon Tan (2004), Confucian Democracy:\u00a0 A Deweyan Reconstruction\u00a0 ( Albany:\u00a0 State University of New York Press). \u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6fc3\u7e2e\u7684\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u7576\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u548c\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. \u7d93\u5e38\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u201cbenevolence\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5145\u5206\u6293\u4f4f\u5b83\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u201chumanity\u201d,\u00a0 \u201chumaneness\u201d\uff0c\u201cauthoritative person\u201d\u3002\u66f8\u5beb\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u5b57\u65c1\u548c\u6578\u5b57\u201c\u4e8c\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u88ab\u95e1\u91cb\u70ba\u201c\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u6216\u201c\u806f\u5408\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. Patricia Ebrey (1991)\uff0cConfucianism and Family Rituals in Imperial China  (Princeton:  Princeton University Press)\uff0cp. 7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. Lu Xun (1990), Diary of a Madman and other stories, trans. William A. Lyell (Honolulu:  University of Hawaii Press), pp. 29-41; Sor-hoon Tan (2004), “From Cannibalism to Empowerment;  An Analects inspired Attempt to balance Community and Liberty,” Philosophy East and West 54. 1:52-70\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. Isaiah Berlin (1958-1969)\uff0c”Two Concepts of Liberty,” in Four Essays on Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press)\uff0c118-72\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. John Dewey (1978), The Middle Works, ed. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale:\u00a0 Southern Illinois University Press), vol.5,\u00a0 p.395\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u675c\u5a01\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6301\u6279\u5224\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u7fa9\u52d9\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\u660e\u986f\u5730\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u901a\u5e38\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u5ba3\u7a31\u6b0a\u5229\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u4ed6\u4eba\u7fa9\u52d9\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

33. \u6211\u5c07\u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u7a2e\u66ff\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u50b3\u7d71\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u76e1\u529b\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u8a9e\u5883\u4e2d\u540c\u6642\u5f37\u8abf\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u793e\u7fa4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u8a8d\u540c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

34. Daniel A. Bell (2006), Beyond Liberal Democracy: Political Thinking for an East Asian Context  (Princeton:  Princeton University Press), p. 152\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

35. John Stuart Mill (1950), Utilitarianism, Liberty, and Representative Government  (New York:  Dutton)\uff0cp. 323\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36. \u65af\u8003\u62c9\u666e\u65af\u9f4a(Skorupski)\u66fe\u7d93\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7d44\u7e54\u6b0a\u529b\u7cbe\u82f1\u6210\u70ba\u6b63\u5f0f\u6b0a\u5a01 (\u8207\u7d93\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u201c\u6eab\u548c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u201c\u5f37\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5fb5) \u50be\u5411\u65bc\u640d\u58de\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002 John Skorupski (1992),\u00a0 \u201cLiberal Elitism,\u201d in David Milligan and William Watts Miller eds., Liberalism,\u00a0 Citizenship,\u00a0 and Autonomy (Aldershot; Ashgate), 134-53, p. 136\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

37. Bell, Beyond Liberal Democracy\uff0cp. 185; \u95dc\u65bc\u4ed6\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ea\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u4ed6\u5728Philosophy East and West 59. 2\u4e2d\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u3002\u53e6\u898b\u8c9d\u723e\u8f03\u65e9\u524d\u63cf\u8ff0\u201c\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u5c0b\u5e38\u7684 (\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u7684) \u8faf\u8b77\u201d\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u6771\u4e9e\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0cDaniel A. Bell (1995), \u201cDemocracy in Confucian Societies; the Challenge of Justification,\u201d in Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia, eds. Daniel A Bell et al. ( London:\u00a0 MacMillan), 17-40,\u00a0 p.36\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

38. Gongqin Xiao (2003),\u00a0 \u201cThe Rise of the Technocrats\u201d, Journal of Democracy 14. 1: 60-65, p. 65\u3002\u6211\u8d95\u7dca\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u856d\u5c0d\u201c\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6295\u6a5f\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u61c9\u7576\u8207\u675c\u5a01\u201c\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u548c\u6211\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u5340\u5225\u958b\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

39. Bell,  Beyond Liberal Democracy, p. 161\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40. Nathan, \u201cResilient Authoritarianism,\u201d p. 16.\u856d\u529f\u79e6 (\u201c\u79d1\u6280\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u201d) \u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5c0d\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u89c0\u5ff5\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u91cd\u8996\u5df2\u7d93\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u201c\u6280\u8853\u578b\u5a01\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u7684\u7522\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

41. John Dewey (1927\/1988), The Public and Its Problems, in John Dewey: the Later Works, 1925-1953, ed. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale;  Southern Illinois University Press), vo1.2,  pp.286-7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

42. John Dewey (1939\/1988), “Creative Democracy-The Task Before Us,” in John Dewey: the Later Works, 1925-1953, ed. Jo Ann Boydston(Carbondale:  Southern  Illinois  University  Press)\uff0cvo1.14,  p.228; cf.John Dewey, (1888\/1969), Ethics of Democracy, in John Dewey: the Early Works, ed. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale; Southern Illinois University Press), vol. 1, 227-49.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

43. \u9019\u5728\u300a\u79ae\u8a18\u300b\u7684\u201c\u5927\u5b78\u201d\u7bc7\u4e2d\u5df2\u7d93\u975e\u5e38\u8457\u540d\u4e86\uff0cin Wing-tsit Chan (1963) \uff0cA Source Book in Chinese Philosophy\u00a0 (Princeton:\u00a0 Princeton University Press)\uff0cp. 86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

44. \u5b54\u5b50\u66f4\u559c\u6b61\u901a\u904e\u5efa\u7acb\u5fb7\u6027\u6a21\u7bc4\u800c\u5851\u9020\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u904e\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u5f37\u5236\u6027\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5728\u5e38\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u300b2.3\u4e2d\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u3002\u5c0d\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u898bTan,\u00a0 Confucian Democracy,\u00a0 chapter 4\u53e6\u898b\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u77ed\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5112\u5bb6\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u7684\u201c\u5ef6\u7e8c\u201d\uff0c\u898bJoseph Chan (2004), \u201cExploring the Nonfamilial in Confucian Political Philosophy,\u201d inThe Politics of Affective Relations: East Asia and Beyond, eds. Daniel A. Bell and Chaihark Hahm (Lanham;\u00a0 Lexington)\uff0c61-74,\u00a0 pp.62-65\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

45. Vilfredo Pareto(1986), The Governing Class in\u00a0 History (Albuquerque: American Classical College Press); Vilfredo Pareto(1968), The rise and fall of the elites: an application of theoretical sociology. Introduction by Hans L. Zetterberg,\u00a0 (Totowa,\u00a0 N. J.: Bedminster Press), translation of Un applicazione di teorie sociologiche\uff0cpublished in Revista Italiana di sociologia, 1901, pp. 402-456;\u00a0 Gaetano Mosca (1939), The Ruling Class (Elementi de scienze politica), translated by Hannah D. Kahn,\u00a0 edited and revised,\u00a0 with an introduction,\u00a0 by Arthur Livingston (New York and London:\u00a0 McGraw-Hill); Robert Michels (1949), Political parties; a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy, translated by Eden and\u00a0 Cedar Paul < Glencoe:\u00a0 Free Press);C. Wright Mills(1956), The Power Elite (New York;\u00a0 Oxford University Press). \u5112\u5bb6\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u63cf\u756b\u70ba\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u898bSergei R. Belousov\u00a0 (1991), \u201cConfucian Elitism;\u00a0 Interpretation of Tradition in the 20th Century,\u201d in Confucianism and the Modernization of China, eds. Silke Krieger and Rolf Trauzettel (Mainz:\u00a0 Hase &Verlag), 256-65\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

46. \u53e6\u898bChan,\u00a0 Joseph (2007) . Democracy and Meritocracy:\u00a0 Toward a Confucian Perspective. Journal of Chinese Philosophy34. 2:\u00a0 179-93. Chan\u8a8d\u70ba\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8d0a\u540c\u50cf\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u201c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e00\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u61c9\u7576\u4f9d\u64da\u529f\u7e3e\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u5206\u914d\u3002\u201d\u518d\u898bA. T. Nuyen ( 2001), \u201cConfucianism and the Idea of Equality,\u201d Asian Philosophy 11. 2; 61-71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

47. \u53c3\u898b\u8c9d\u723e\u5c0d\u6211\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5efa\u8b70\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u56de\u61c9 (\u201cBeyond Elitism:\u00a0 a Community Ideal for Modern East Asia\u201d) \u57282008\u5e748\u6708\u9996\u723e\u8209\u8fa6\u7684\u7b2c22\u5c46\u4e16\u754c\u54f2\u5b78\u5927\u6703\u201c\u4f5c\u8005\u78b0\u5230\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u6642\u201d\u5c0f\u7d44\u4e2d\u9032\u884c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5c0f\u7d44\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8c9d\u723e\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u5c07\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u8a55\u8ad6\u4e2d\u51fa\u7248\u201cBeyond Liberal Democracy? Debate on Democracy and Confucian Meritocracy\u201d,\u00a0 in Philosophy East and West,\u00a0 vol. 59,\u00a0 no. 2\u00a0 (Oct 2009). \u53e6\u898b\u6211\u5373\u5c07\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6 Beyond Liberal DemocracyinChina Review International\uff0c\u6279\u8a55\u4e86\u8c9d\u723e\u70ba\u6771\u4e9e\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u539f\u5247\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

48. Berlin,  Isaiah (1979), “Equality,” in Concepts and Categories, ed. Henry Hardy  (New York;  Viking)\uff0c81-102,  p.90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

49. Young,  Michael (1958), The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870\u4e002033. An Essay an Education and Equality (Baltimore:  Penguin).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

50. \u5112\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c07\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u5e73\u8861\u5408\u7406\u7684\u504f\u611b\u548c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u7121\u504f\u611b\u7684\u9700\u8981\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5c0d\u5112\u5bb6\u502b\u7406\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u504f\u611b\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u898bDaniel A. Bell (2008), \u201cIs Liberal Theory of Justice Feasible? Critique of Liberal \u2018Public over Private\u2019 ideal\u201d\u3014\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b63\u7fa9\u89c0\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u55ce? \u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201c\u516c\u512a\u65bc\u79c1\u201d\u7406\u60f3\u4e4b\u6279\u5224\u3015, in New Explorations of Public and Private Spheres;\u00a0 Comparison of East Asian and Western View Points [\u300a\u516c\u79c1\u9818\u57df\u65b0\u63a2:\u6771\u4e9e\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u89c0\u9ede\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f03\u300b], eds. Huang Junjie and Jiang Yihua (Shanghai:\u00a0 Shanghai Normal University Press )\uff0c161-83(first published in 2005\u00a0 by National Taiwan University Press ).Joseph Chan (2004), \u201cExploring the Non-familial in Confucian Political Philosophy,\u201d in The Politics of Affective Relations, eds. Hahm Chaihark and Daniel A. Bell\u00a0 (Lanham:\u00a0 Lexington), chapter 3;\u00a0 Sor-hoon Tan (2002 ), \u201cBetween Family and State:\u00a0 Relational Tensions in Confucian Ethics,\u201d in Mencius;\u00a0 Contexts and Interpretations, ed. Alan K. L. Chars (Honolulu:\u00a0 University of Hawaii Press), chapter 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

51. \u9019\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6cd5\u5bb6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u907a\u7522\u3002 Tu Wei-ming \u201cProbing the `Three Bonds\u2019 and `Five Relationships\u2019 in Confucian Humanism,\u201d in Confucianism and the Family, eds. W. H. Slote and G. A. de Vos (Albany;\u00a0 State University of New York Press)\uff0cp. 128.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

52. He Qinglian (1998),\u00a0 Pitfalls of Modernization [\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9677\u9631\u300b] (Beijing:\u00a0 China Today),\u00a0 p.134; Yang Fan (2000),\u00a0 China Moving Towards Choices[\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8d70\u5411\u9078\u64c7\u300b] (Beijing: Shiyou gongye chubanshe), pp. 35-43). \u53e6\u898bQinglian He (2003),\u00a0 \u201cA Volcanic Stability,\u201d Journal of Democracy 14. 1: 66-72\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

53. \u7b46\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc5\u9808\u627f\u8a8d\u5148\u524d\u7b46\u8005\u5c07\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u63cf\u8ff0\u6210\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u7b46\u8005\u4ee5\u524d\u5c0d\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0cTan, Confucian Democracy, pp. 105-8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

54. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cpp. 98-108\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

55. Chan, Joseph (2001). \u201cMaking   Sense   of   Confucian  Justice.\u201d Forum for Intercultural Philosophy 3. http: \/\/them. polylog. org\/3\/fcj-en. htm,  sections 2. 1 to 2. 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

56. Joseph Chan (2009), “Is there a Confucian Perspective on Social Justice,” in Western Political Thought in Dialogue with Asia (Lanham;  Lexington), chapter 12,  p. 271\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

57. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cp. 276\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

58. \u5728\u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u300b11. 17\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u65b7\u7d55\u4e86\u8207\u5189\u6709\u7684\u5e2b\u5f92\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5189\u6709\u5e6b\u5b63\u6c0f\u641c\u522e\u201c\u805a\u6582\u201d\u8ca1\u5bcc\uff0c\u800c\u5b63\u6c0f\u672c\u8eab\u5df2\u7d93\u6bd4\u5468\u516c\u90fd\u8981\u5bcc\u6709\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8981\u6bd4\u4ee5\u7aae\u4eba\u70ba\u4ee3\u50f9\u7684\u201c\u7e7c\u5bcc\u201d\u66f4\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

59. Mencius 6A17, Lau’s translation, pp. 169. See also Analects 4.5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

60. John Knoblock (trans.)(1988\/1990\/1994), Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works\uff0c3 volumes (Stanford:  Stanford University Press), vol. II p. 74, p. 133\u3002John Knoblock (trans.)(1988\/1990\/1994), Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works\uff0c3 volumes (Stanford:  Stanford University Press), vol. II p. 74, p. 133\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

61. \u540c\u4e0a, vol. I, p. 195, vol. II, p. 122. See also vol. II, pp.241-42, p.209, vo1.III,\u00a0 p.48,\u00a0 p.166\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

62. \u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b6A16\u3002\u6839\u64da\u5b5f\u5b50\uff0c\u201c\u6a02\u5584\u4e0d\u5026\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u8981\u6bd4\u7b49\u7d1a\u6216\u8ca1\u5bcc\u66f4\u52a0\u559c\u611b(\u9019\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u62cb\u68c4\u201c\u5929\u7235\u201d\u4e00\u4ec1\u3001\u7fa9\u3001\u5fe0\u3001\u4fe1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u4eba\u7235\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u60d1\u4e4b\u751a\u8005\u4e5f\uff0c\u7d42\u4ea6\u5fc5\u4ea1\u800c\u5df2\u77e3\u3002\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

63. \u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u300b16.1.\u7531\u65bc\u5112\u5bb6\u4e26\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u4e00\u7a2e\u55ae\u8abf\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8a8d\u70ba\u9700\u8981\u7684\u201c\u516c\u5e73\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6027\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7d66\u51fa\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u7576\u5306\u5fd9\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\u8aaa\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

64. Knoblock’s translation, vol. II, p. 98\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

65. \u540c\u4e0a\uff0cpp. 162-63\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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