{"id":4876,"date":"2023-03-15T20:44:35","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T20:44:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/?p=4876"},"modified":"2023-03-20T19:46:27","modified_gmt":"2023-03-20T19:46:27","slug":"%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%ad%e7%ab%8b%e6%80%a7%e3%80%81%e5%9b%bd%e5%ae%b6%e5%ae%8c%e5%96%84%e8%ae%ba%e5%92%8c%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/blog\/2023\/03\/15\/%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%ad%e7%ab%8b%e6%80%a7%e3%80%81%e5%9b%bd%e5%ae%b6%e5%ae%8c%e5%96%84%e8%ae%ba%e5%92%8c%e5%84%92%e5%ae%b6%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3001\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u7dad\u5ea6"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/%e9%bb%84%e5%8b%87\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"3917\">\u9ec3\u52c7<\/a>\uff08\u5d14\u96c5\u7434\u8b6f\uff09<br>\u8cd3\u5dde\u5eab\u8332\u57ce\u5927\u5b78<br>\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6b0a\u65bc\u9032\u6b65\u5112\u5b78\u7db2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/\u9ec4\u52c7\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8bba\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3.docx.pdf\" style=\"padding-top:15px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:15px;padding-left:15px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u4e0b\u8f09PDF\u7248\u672c<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5b89\u9756\u5982(Steve Angle)\u5728\u300a\u8056\uff1a\u5b8b\u660e\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u300b(Sagehood\uff1aThe Contemporary Significance of Neo-Confucian Philosophy)\u4e00\u66f8\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u5fe0\u5be6\u65bc\u8a72\u66f8\u526f\u6a19\u984c\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5448\u73fe\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u8207\u7576\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027(liberal neutrality)\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\uff08State Perfectionism\uff09\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff08Angle 2009\uff1aCh.11\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u516c\u6c11\u5c0d\u65bc\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5176\u53ea\u5f71\u97ff\u81ea\u5df1\uff08self-regarding\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u61c9\u8a72\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff1b\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u5247\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u516c\u6c11\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u5340\u5206\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u7121\u6548\u7684\u56e0\u800c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e26\u9032\u800c\u63a8\u52d5\u524d\u8005\u800c\u963b\u6b62\u5f8c\u8005\u3002\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u516c\u6c11\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u61c9\u8a72\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u516c\u6c11\u4e4b\u95dc\u6d89\u4ed6\u4eba(other-regarding)\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5426\u8a72\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u70ba\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8cea\u7591\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c07\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5112\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u51fa\u6700\u7368\u7279\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e4b\u524d\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u4f5c\u51fa\u6bd4\u5b89\u9756\u5982\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u7565\u5fae\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><strong>\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u7f85\u723e\u65af(John Rawls)\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u95e1\u91cb\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u6b63\u7fa9\u8ad6\u300b\u4e2d\u5df2\u7d93\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u539f\u521d\u72c0\u614b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u8ca0\u8cac\u9078\u64c7\u652f\u914d\u793e\u6703\u57fa\u672c\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u539f\u5247\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u5011(\u53ef\u80fd)\u201c\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5229\u76ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5371\u53ca\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u5316\u76ee\u6a19\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u5011\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u6c92\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u4f55\u8b02\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u539f\u5247\u4f86\u6307\u5c0e\u5176\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9ad4\u5236\u4e4b\u9593\u4f5c\u51fa\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u627f\u8a8d\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u7b49\u65bc\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u67d0\u7a2e\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u6b0a\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u81ea\u7531\u6b0a\u4e4b\u67d0\u7a2e\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u5176\u5404\u7a2e\u7cbe\u795e\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5b8c\u5168\u55aa\u5931\u201d(Rawls\uff0c1999\uff1a 288)\u3002\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u65bc\u6b64\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u5011\u5047\u5b9a\u6bcf\u500b\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6a5f\u6703\u3001\u6536\u5165\u548c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u5584(primary goods)\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e26\u4e0d\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6240\u5171\u4eab\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u5c0d\u5b83\u5011\u4fdd\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u5728\u5f8c\u671f\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u5305\u7f85\u842c\u8c61\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u898f\u5b9a\u4e86\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65e8\u8da3\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u770b\u6cd5\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u666e\u904d\u627f\u8a8d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u57fa\u672c\u88fd\u5ea6\u4f86\u8ffd\u6c42\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7a2e\u770b\u6cd5\u90fd\u5c07\u5c0e\u81f4\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5b97\u6d3e\u6027\u201d(Pawls\uff0c 1993\uff1a180)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u5728\u6b64\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6709\u95dc\u5584\u7684\u5305\u7f85\u842c\u8c61\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u6eab\u548c\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8005\u4e26\u7121\u7570\u8b70\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u7576\u5f18\u63da\u67d0\u7a2e\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u985e\u578b\u7684\u5b97\u6559(\u6216\u53cd\u5b97\u6559)\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u6240\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7121\u88e8\u76ca\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6b64\u7a2e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u548c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u5e38\u5e38\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u5011 \u5c0d\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u65e8\u8da3\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u770b\u6cd5\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u61c9\u7576\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u6b64\u7a2e\u5b78\u8aaa\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u61c9\u7576\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5373\u4f7f\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u6301\u6709\u7684\u6b64\u7a2e\u5b78\u8aaa\u5f80\u5f80\u76f8\u5dee\u751a\u9060\u4e43\u81f3\u4e92\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u73fe\u50cf\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u5c24\u70ba\u660e\u986f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u570b\u5bb6\u628a\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u6bcf\u500b\u793e\u6703\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u7fa9\u539f\u5247\u5efa\u57fa\u65bc\u5b83\u6240\u504f\u597d\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u793e\u6703\u6210\u54e1\u6301\u9019\u7a2e\u5b78\u8aaa\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u5b78\u8aaa\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4fbf\u6703\u906d\u5230\u9650\u5236\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7f85\u7d0d\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1(Ronald Dworkin)\u5f9e\u5e73\u7b49\u89c0\u5ff5\u51fa\u767c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u5c0d\u516c\u6c11\u4e4b\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u89c0\u5ff5\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u5c0d\uff1a\u65bc\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u201c\u65e2\u7136\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u5ff5\u539a\u6b64\u8584\u5f7c\uff0c\u5247\u5b83\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u7121\u8ad6\u539a\u6b64\u8584\u5f7c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5b98\u54e1\u8a8d\u70ba\u67d0\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u88ab\u4eba\u6578\u66f4\u591a\u6216\u529b\u91cf\u66f4\u5f37\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u6240\u64c1\u6709\u201d(Dworkin 1985\uff1a191)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7531\u6b64\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u61c9\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u614b\u5ea6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u7121\u6cd5\u5f62\u6210\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u4f55\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u6709\u6548\u4f55\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u7121\u6548\u3002\u8b1d\u723e\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\uff1a \u201c\u9019\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6(\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005)\u96d6\u7136\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u9054\u6210\u95dc\u65bc\u6b63\u7fa9\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u666e\u9069\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f9d\u7136\u5145\u6eff\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u9054\u6210\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u6216\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5408\u7406\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u524d\u666f\u537b\u60b2\u89c0\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u671b\u7406\u6027\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u6309\u7167\u9053\u5fb7\u7fa9\u52d9\u4eba\u61c9\u7576\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u671b\u7406\u6027\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u904e\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u9019\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u67d0\u7a2e\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7a31\u6027\u201d(Sher\uff0c 1997\uff1a ix)\u3002\u8b1d\u723e\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u6210\u54e1\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6b63\u7fa9\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0a\u610f\u898b\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u537b\u5805\u4fe1\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u5c31\u6b64\u9054\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u76ee\u524d\u6211\u5011\u9084\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u610f\u898b\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c31\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5920\u9054\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5c0d\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u97ff\u61c9\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u5340\u5206\u95dc\u6d89\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u95dc\u6d89\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u502b\u7406\u4e4b\u9593\u4f5c\u4e86\u5340\u5206\uff0c\u201c\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5305\u62ec\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u5e78\u798f\u5169\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6307\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u5982\u4f55\u5c0d\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\uff1b\u5e78\u798f\u554f\u984c\u662f\u6307\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u5df1\u904e\u4e0a\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u72f9\u7fa9\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6307\u5e78\u798f\u201d\u3002 (Dworkin\uff0c1990\uff1a 9)\u5c31\u95dc\u6d89\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5426 \u5247\u793e\u6703\u5c07\u9677\u5165\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u800c\u95dc\u6d89\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u5247\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u5f85\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff1a\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u50b7\u5bb3\u539f\u5247(the harm principle)\u5c31\u660e\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c0d\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u5982\u4f55\u8b93\u81ea\u5df1\u904e\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u67e5\u723e\u65af\u00b7\u62c9\u7a46\u723e(Charles Larmore)\u4f5c\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u5340\u5206\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u201c\u8a31\u8a31\u591a\u591a\u80fd\u5920\u904e\u4e0a\u611c\u610f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u4e26\u7121\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u986f\u5bdf\u89ba\u5230\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u5dee\u5225\u2026\u2026\u5373\u4fbf\u6211\u5011\u78ba\u5be6\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u52dd\u904e\u5176\u5b83\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5408\u60c5\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u2026\u2026\u6240\u4ee5\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u7576\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u201d\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e3b\u5f35\u201c\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u6703\u7531\u65bc\u5916\u5728\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u9650\u5236\u67d0\u4e9b\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u60f3\u5a01\u8105\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u201d(Larmore\uff1a 1987\uff1a43)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u4f46\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5728\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u800c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u5728\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u8b1d\u723e\u6240\u62b1\u6028\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fa8\u5225\u4f55\u8005\u70ba\u771f\u4f55\u8005\u70ba\u5047\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u771f\u5047\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u500b\u4e3b\u89c0\u554f\u984c\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u5b8c\u5584\u6982\u5ff5\u6301\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5047\u8a2d\u201c\u6c92\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u800c\u502b\u7406\u7684\u6a19\u6e96 \u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d7\u5230\u6587\u5316\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u8cc7\u6e90\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6240\u8655\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u6700\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u548c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u5c0d\u65bc\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5927\u76f8\u5f91\u5ead\u201d(Dworkin\uff0c1990\uff1a 49)\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u5982\u4f55\u8b93\u81ea\u5df1\u904e\u4e0a\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4ed6\u9032\u800c\u5c07\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u85dd\u8853\u76f8\u63d0\u4e26\u8ad6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e8c\u8005\u201c\u9700\u8981\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u2026\u2026\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u5728\u5fa9\u96dc\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u201c\u5c0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4f5c\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u5207\u8eab\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c07\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u751f\u6d3b\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u8a72\u60c5\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\u201d(Dworkin\uff0c 1990\uff1a 66)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5f37\u8abf\u6709\u6548\u7684\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u89c0\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u591a\u6a23\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e26\u4e0d\u65b0\u9bae\u3002\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u5bc6\u723e(John Stuart Mill) \u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u5730\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u7f8a\uff1b\u5c31\u662f\u7f8a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u96bb\u96bb\u76f8\u4f3c\u800c\u96e3\u4ee5\u8fa8\u5225\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4ef6\u5408\u8eab\u7684\u5916\u8863\u6216\u4e00\u96d9\u5408\u8173\u7684\u9774\u5b50\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u91cf\u4e86\u5c3a\u5bf8\u5b9a\u505a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u9664\u975e\u6709\u6eff\u6eff\u7684\u4e00\u5806\u8ca8\u54c1\u53ef\u4f9b\u5176\u6311\u9078\uff1a\u96e3\u9053\u8aaa\u7d66\u4ed6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5408\u9069\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6bd4\u7d66\u4ed6\u4e00\u4ef6\u5408\u9069\u7684\u5916\u8863\u9084\u5bb9\u6613\u4e9b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u8173\u5f62\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u5728\u6574\u500b\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u4e0a\u66f4\u76f8\u540c\u4e9b\uff1f\u201d(Mill\uff0c2003\uff1a 131) \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5404\u7a2e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u89c0\u5ff5\u96d6\u7136\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5b83\u5011\u4e26\u975e\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u597d\u7684\u3002\u5bc6\u723e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u57f9\u990a\u5176\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5929\u6027\uff0c\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u8d77\u59a8\u7919\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u3001\u8208\u596e\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6240\u6709\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u548c\u4eab\u53d7\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7dad\u6301\u5728\u6700\u4f73\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u8d77\u64fe\u4e82\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e2d\u6b62\u6216\u7c89\u788e\u5176\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5167\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u201d (Mill\uff0c 2003\uff1a 131)\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u201c\u4ed6\u5011\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u3001\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0d\u540c\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u904b\u7528\u201d\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u591a\u6a23\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u88e1\u540c\u6a23\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u7a2e\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u201d(Mill\uff0c2003\uff1a131)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u5bc6\u723e\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u592a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u559c\u6b61\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u592a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u559c\u6b61\u5212\u8239\u3001\u5438\u7159\u3001\u807d\u97f3\u6a02\u3001\u9ad4\u80b2\u935b\u7149\u3001\u4e0b\u8c61\u68cb\u3001\u73a9\u7d19\u724c\u548c\u505a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u5e9c\u61c9\u7576\u65e2\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u4e5f\u4e0d\u963b\u7919\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff1b\u4e0d\u50c5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u505a\u201c\u7121\u4eba\u6703\u505a\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\u6216\u4e0d\u505a\u201c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u505a\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c9\u7576\u88ab\u8996\u4f5c\u56b4\u91cd\u9055\u53cd\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7 (Mill\uff0c2003\uff1a 132)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u6211\u5011\u4e0a\u9762\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8005\u5927\u591a\u662f\u6eab\u548c\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u5426\u8a8d\uff0c \u5b58\u5728\u8457\u591a\u7a2e\u591a\u6a23\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5340\u5206\u65bc\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u58de\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u6703\u5426\u8a8d\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5f37\u8abf\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u95dc\u65bc\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u53ea\u8981\u904e\u67d0\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u597d\u7684\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6c92\u6709\u54ea\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u3002\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u9664\u975e\u5047\u8a2d\u502b\u7406\u7d93\u9a57\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u5011\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u50c5\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5c0d\u6211\u4f86\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\uff1b\u6211\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u67d0\u7a2e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u201d(Dworkin\uff0c1990\uff1a 75)\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u95dc\u65bc\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\uff1a\u201c\u6839\u64da \u4fe1\u5ff5\u751f\u6d3b\u2026\u2026\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u524d\u5f8c\u4e00\u8cab\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u6a39\u7acb\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u699c\u6a23\u4fdd\u6301\u958b\u653e\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u6642\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u90a3\u7a2e\u6211\u904e\u5f97\u6eff\u610f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u8981\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u5b58\u7591\u4e26\u523a\u75db\u5167\u5fc3\u3002\u5b83\u9084\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u655e\u958b\u5fc3\u6249\u9762\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u548c\u699c\u6a23\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u4e00\u76f4\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u591a\u7a2e\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u7fa9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u662f\u5426\u5c0d\u6211\u6709\u5229\uff0c\u6211\u751f\u6d3b\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u201d(Dworkin\uff0c1990\uff1a 81)\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64(\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64)\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u5c0d\u4ed6\/\u5979\u6240\u904e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u597d\u58de\u767c\u751f\u932f\u8aa4\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u67d0\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u80fd\u5f04\u932f\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5225\u4eba\u5c31\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5f04\u932f\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u72af\u932f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5247\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u6bd4\u81ea\u5df1\u66f4\u95dc\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9858\u610f\u904e\u7684\u58de\u751f\u6d3b\u52dd\u904e\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u52a3\u65bc\u2014\u2014\u904e\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u201c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u201d\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5728\u502b\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u7684\u66f4\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u904e\u4ed6\u6240\u9119\u8996\u4e26\u8a8d\u70ba\u7121\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u53ef\u80fd\u7b26\u5408\u4ed6\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u7701\u7684\u610f \u7fa9\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u8352\u8b2c\u7684\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4f86\u8aaa\u600e\u9ebc\u80fd\u662f\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u5462\uff1f\u201d(Dworkin\uff0c1990\uff1a 76)\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u5fb7\u6c83\u91d1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u518d\u6b21\u8207\u5bc6\u723e\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u76f8\u547c\u61c9\u3002\u5bc6\u723e\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5373\u4fbf\u4f7f\u51fa\u6e3e\u8eab\u89e3\u6578\u9084\u662f\u6709\u51fa\u932f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u540c\u6642\u4ed6\u4e5f\u627f\u8a8d\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6c92\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4e5f\u8a31\u6703\u8e0f\u4e0a\u6b63\u9014\uff0c\u9060\u96e2\u90aa\u5f91\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bc6\u723e\u8ffd\u554f\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u4e4b\u70ba\u4eba\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4f55\u5728\uff1f\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4ee5\u4f55\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u505a\u4e8b\u201d(Mill\uff0c2003\uff1a 124)\uff1b\u5728\u5bc6\u723e\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u64c1\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u7684\u5e38\u8b58\u548c\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u898f\u5283\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u672c\u8eab\u6700\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d(Mill\uff0c2003\uff1a 131)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8005\u6709\u6642\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u62c9\u8332(Joseph Raz)\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u201c\u5b83\u63d0\u5021\u5728\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u7684\u6709\u6548\u770b\u6cd5\u8207\u7121\u6548\u770b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u9593\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u5b83\u4e26\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u907f\u514d\u63a8\u52d5\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u78ba\u4fdd\u5176\u884c\u70ba\u5c0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u904e\u5176\u5c0d\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u932f\u8aa4\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e4b\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u963b\u7919\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u904e\u5176\u5c0d\u6b63\u78ba\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e4b\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u963b\u7919\u201d(Raz\uff0c1986\uff1a 110- 111)\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u5404\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c\u201c\u7121\u8ad6\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u89c0\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u6548\u3001\u4e2d\u80af\u6216\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5176\u5b83\u89c0\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u865b\u5047\u3001\u7121\u6548\u6216\u611a\u8822\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u7406\u7531\u201d(Raz\uff0c 1986\uff1a 108)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u986f\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5e03\u9b6f\u65af\u00b7\u57c3\u514b\u66fc(Bruce Ackerman)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u9014\u5f91\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u904e\u5176\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c(\u5982\u5bec\u5bb9\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0a\u91cd\u7b49)\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u80fd\u8b49\u660e\u4e2d\u7acb\u9019\u500b\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u201d(Ackerman\uff0c 1990\uff1a 29)\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c0\u5ff5\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8aa0\u5982\u67e5\u723e\u65af\u00b7\u62c9\u7a46\u723e\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u53ea\u5c0d\u95dc\u65bc\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u201d(Larmore\uff0c1996\uff1a 125\uff1b\u4ea6\u898b Larmore\uff0c1987\uff1a 69)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u80fd\u5920\u5c0d\u5404\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f \u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u4e00\u8a5e\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u6b67\u7fa9\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5340\u5206\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027(procedural neutrality)\u548c\u5be6\u8cea\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027(substantive neutrality)\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u8868\u660e\u4e00\u500b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a34\u8af8\u4efb\u4f55\u9053\u5fb7\u50f9\u503c\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u201c\u8a34\u8af8\u4e2d\u7acb\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u8af8\u5982\u7121\u504f\u898b\u3001\u5728\u628a\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5247\u904b\u7528\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u6848\u4f8b\u6642\u6240\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7b49\u50f9\u503c\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u53ca\u7af6\u722d\u5404\u65b9\u63d0\u51fa\u5404\u81ea\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u5747\u7b49\u6a5f\u6703\u201d(Rawls\uff0c1993\uff1a 191)\u3002\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9(justice as fairness)\u8207\u5176\u8aaa\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u5012\u4e0d\u5982\u8aaa\u662f\u5be6\u8cea\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u7f85\u723e\u65af\u9084\u5c0d\u5be6\u8cea\u4e2d\u7acb\u53c8\u5340\u5206\u4e86\u76ee\u6a19\u6216\u610f\u5716\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb(neutrality in aim or intention)\u548c\u6548\u679c\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb(neutrality in effect)\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5728\u6548\u679c\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u201c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4f7f\u500b\u9ad4\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u800c\u975e\u5176\u5b83\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5b83\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u63a1\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u62b5\u6d88\u6216\u88dc\u511f\u65bd\u884c\u9019\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6548\u679c\u201d(Rawls\uff0c 1993\uff1a 193)\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u5c31\u610f\u5716\u6216\u76ee\u6a19\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\uff1a\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u65e8\u5728\u6216\u610f\u5728\u9f13\u52f5\u67d0\u4e9b\u800c\u963b\u6b62\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u7576\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5b89\u9756\u5982\u5df2\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u671b\u6587\u751f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u5c31\u5b8c\u5584\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u95dc\u6ce8\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u904e\u63a8\u52d5\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u963b\u6b62\u58de\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u4f7f\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u9054\u5230\u5b8c\u5584(Angle\uff0c2009\uff1a 204-205)\u3002\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u6d89\u53ca\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u70ba\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7576\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u7acb\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4fe1\u5949\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u7576\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u5247\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3002\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6eab\u548c\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8d0a\u540c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u90fd\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53c8\u627f\u8a8d\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7121\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4e3b\u5f35\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u7576\u652f\u6301\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e26\u963b\u7919\u7121\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u83f2\u5c3c\u65af(Finnis)\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u201c\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u3001\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u4fc3\u9032\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5584\u3001\u5e78 \u798f\u3001\u7e41\u69ae\u548c\u5353\u8d8a\uff0c\u4e26\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u5011\u2026\u2026\u81f3\u5c11\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u9060\u96e2\u67d0\u4e9b\u6703\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u9020\u6210\u640d\u5bb3\u3001\u8cb6\u4f4e\u6216\u6bc0\u58de\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u4e9b\u53ea\u662f\u2018\u95dc\u6d89\u81ea\u6211\u2019\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u50be\u5411\u201d(Finnis\uff0c1989\uff1a 434)\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u5340\u5206\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u58de\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u4e09\u7a2e\u9032\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u3001\u4e5f\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u9032\u8def\u662f\u4eba\u6027\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6(human nature perfectionism)\uff1a\u5f9e\u4eba\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u78ba\u5b9a\u4eba\u4e4b\u5584\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6070\u7576\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6258\u99ac\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u723e\u5361\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u628a\u4eba\u4e4b\u672c\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u7368\u4e00\u7121\u4e8c\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u7368\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u4eba\u4e4b\u672c\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u7368\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u4eba\u985e\u8207\u5176\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5171\u6709\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u6392\u9664\u5728\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u4f55\u5176\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u6703\u628a\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u7368\u6709\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u8996\u70ba\u4eba\u4e4b\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u4f55\u5176\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u970d\u723e\u5361\u4e5f\u53cd\u5c0d\u628a\u4eba\u4e4b\u672c\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u7121\u4e4b\u5247\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6210\u5176\u70ba\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a71\u4eba\u4e4b\u672c\u6027\u5c31\u592a\u6cdb\u4e86\uff1a\u5f88\u591a\u50cf\u81ea\u6211\u540c\u4e00\u3001\u4f54\u64da\u7a7a\u9593\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u4e4b\u70ba\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u5b83\u8207\u4eba\u8fe5\u7570\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\u4e5f\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 10-12)\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u970d\u723e\u5361\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4eba\u6027\u7531\u201c\u5c0d\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u3001\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eba\u4e4b\u70ba\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7269\u4e4b\u689d\u4ef6\u201d\u7684\u7279\u6027\u6240\u7d44\u6210(Hurka\uff0c 1993\uff1a 16)\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u4eba\u6027\u7368\u7279\u8ad6\u548c\u4eba\u6027\u672c\u8cea\u8ad6\u6240\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u970d\u723e\u5361\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e00\u4eba\u6027\u89c0\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u4e9e\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u6db5\u651d\u4e09\u7a2e\u50f9\u503c\uff1a\u201c\u8eab\u9ad4\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u5373\u767c\u5c55\u6211\u5011\u5728\u8eab\u9ad4\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5929\u6027\uff1b\u7406\u8ad6\u5b8c\u5584\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u5373\u767c\u5c55\u7406\u8ad6\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7406\u6027\u201d(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 37)\u3002\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u6bd4\u8f03\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u7121\u9700\u8d05\u8ff0\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u5b8c\u5584\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u5f97\u5230\u5408\u7406\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5(justified true belief)(Hurka\uff0c 1993\uff1a 100)\u4e4b\u7372\u5f97\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6240\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u8d8a\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u5be6\u8e10\u5b8c\u5584\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6210\u529f\u5be6\u73fe\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5c07\u6703\u767c\u751f\u201d(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 100)\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u529f\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6210\u529f\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u8d8a\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u970d\u723e\u5361\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\uff1a\u201c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u662f\u80fd\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5730\u4fc3\u9032\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u985e\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u6a19\u6e96\u53ef\u7528\u65bc\u5224\u65b7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8b74\u8cac\u653f\u5e9c\u767c\u52d5\u4fb5\u7565\u6230\u722d\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u6a19\u6e96\u66f4\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u884c\u70ba\u201d(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 147)\u3002\u5e38\u6709\u4eba\u62b1\u6028\uff0c\u7576\u5c07\u9019\u4e00\u6a19\u6e96\u904b\u7528\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u884c\u70ba\u4e26\u898f\u7bc4\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u6642\uff0c\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u5ffd\u8996\u4e86\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u9019\u4e00\u7576\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u5c0d\u6b64\u970d\u723e\u5361\u56de\u61c9\u8aaa\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u201c\u5728\u81ea\u4e3b\u548c\u7406\u6027\u8003\u616e\u4e4b\u9593\u986f\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u95dc\u806f\u201d\uff1a\u5be6\u8e10\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u201c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8868\u9054\u610f\u5716\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u6216\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6191\u5176\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u66f4\u52a0\u5145\u5206\u5730\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u89c0\u5ff5\u201d(Hurk\uff0c1993\uff1a 150)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u970d\u723e\u5361\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u53ea\u662f\u8af8\u591a\u50f9\u503c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u640d\u5931\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5be6\u73fe\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u201c\u6709\u6642\u9650\u5236\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u6703\u5728\u5c07\u4f86\u5e36\u7d66\u5979\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u9650\u5236\u8b93\u5979\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8b93\u5979\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u9078\u64c7\u4e4b\u9593\u9032\u884c\u81ea\u4e3b\u6289\u64c7\u201d(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 148)\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u95e1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u970d\u723e\u5361\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u83ab\u624e\u7279\u5728\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\u88ab\u8feb\u5b78\u7fd2\u97f3\u6a02\u3001\u56e0\u6b64\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u970d\u723e\u5361\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8a8d\u771f\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u201c\u5118\u7ba1\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5049\u5927\u7684\u97f3\u6a02\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4f46\u6bd4\u8d77\u5982\u679c\u5728\u5e74\u8f15\u6642\u5f97\u5230\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u9078\u64c7\u66ec\u65e5\u5149\u6d74\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u83ab\u624e\u7279\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u2026\u2026\u5373\u4f7f\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5b83\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u904e\u83ab\u624e\u7279\u7684\u6240\u6709\u97f3\u6a02\u201d(Hurka\uff0c 1993\uff1a 149)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u970d\u723e\u5361\u78ba\u5be6\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4fc3\u9032\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u8eab\u9ad4\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5167\u5728\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8981\u901a\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u970d\u723e\u5361\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u751f\u7522\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5584\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u5275\u9020\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\u6216\u4f7f\u9019\u7a2e\u5b8c\u5584\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5145\u5206\u689d\u4ef6\u201d(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 142)\u3002\u970d\u723e\u5361\u5728\u6b64\u8a66\u5716\u8868\u660e\u7684\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u6587\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6eab\u548c\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6191\u85c9\u5f37\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\u4fc3\u9032\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u5be6\u65bd\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u4e0d\u50c5\u7121\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6703\u9069\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u201c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u5f80\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u9014\u5f91\uff0c\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u50f9\u503c\u8f03\u4f4e\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u5f15\u5c0e\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u589e\u5f37\u800c\u662f\u6e1b\u5f31\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5b8c\u5584(Hurk\uff0c1993\uff1a 155)\u3002\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u57f9\u990a\u5728\u5b69\u5b50\u90a3\u88e1\u6548\u679c\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u4e26\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee4\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\u5730\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u8eab\u4e0a\u7522\u751f\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u201c\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5c0d\u65bc\u6210\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u5247\u6536\u6548\u751a\u5fae\u3002\u6210\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u96e3\u518d\u5f15\u5411\u65b0\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u79c1\u751f\u6d3b\u767c\u865f\u65bd\u4ee4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f80\u5f80\u611f\u5230\u53ad\u60e1\uff0c\u81f3\u591a\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u52c9\u5f37\u9075\u5faa\u201d(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 154)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u4f46\u970d\u723e\u5361\u9084\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c07\u67d0\u4e00\u7a2e\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u5f37\u52a0\u65bc\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 \u975e\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a8\u9032\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u597d\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u4e26\u7981\u6b62\u201c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6700\u58de\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5be6\u884c\u672b\u4f4d\u6392\u9664\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u5bb9\u8a31\u4eba\u5011\u5f9e\u4e8b\u88ab\u6392\u5728\u672b\u7aef\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 156)\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u505a\u51fa\u5340\u5206\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5bc6\u723e\u986f\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u970d\u723e\u5361\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5bc6\u723e\u50cf\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u5404\u7a2e\u95dc\u6d89\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u201c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u53bb\u903c\u8feb\u5979\uff0c\u4f46\u2018\u8cac\u5099\u2019\u5979\u3001\u548c\u5979\u2018\u8b1b\u9053\u7406\u2019\u5247\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u201d(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 159)\u3002\u970d\u723e\u5361\u5c24\u5176\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u6559\u80b2\u9ad4\u4fc2\u4f86\u4fc3\u9032\u5b8c\u5584\uff1a\u201c\u5b78\u6821\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u5b78\u751f\u8b1b\u6388\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u5177\u6709\u5167\u5728\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u5b78\u6821\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u5b78\u751f\u4ecb\u7d39\u6587\u5b78\u3001\u97f3\u6a02\u548c\u9ad4\u80b2\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u5b78\u6821\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e26\u975e\u4e00\u8996\u540c\u4ec1\uff1b\u5b78\u6821\u6c92\u6709\u6559\u5b78\u751f\u5982\u4f55\u5438\u6bd2\u6216\u9032\u884c\u8077\u696d\u6454\u8de4\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u9ad4\u4fc2\u70ba\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u800c\u975e\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u790e\u201d(Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a159)\u3002\u4ed6\u9084\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6559\u80b2\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u8d0a\u52a9\u76f8\u95dc\u5ee3\u544a\u800c\u63a8\u5ee3\u5230\u6210\u4eba\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u539f\u56e0\u8cc7\u52a9\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52d5\u56e0\u53c3\u52a0\u4eba\u6578\u6c92\u6709\u9054\u5230\u7d93\u6fdf\u898f\u6a21\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u6602\u8cb4\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u88dc\u8cbc\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9f13\u52f5\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\uff1b\u53c8\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c92\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u6216\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u6b23\u8cde\u7684\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u521d\u59cb\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u963b\u7919\uff1b\u518d\u5982\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6b23\u8cde\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u5982\u8ffd\u6c42\u85dd\u8853\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u885d\u52d5\uff0c\u5982\u60f3\u5f9e\u4e8b\u8077\u696d\u6454\u8de4\u3002\u570b\u5bb6\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u524d\u8005\u9032\u884c\u8cc7\u52a9\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u4eba\u5011\u9078\u64c7\u90a3\u4e9b\u66f4\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u800c\u4e0d\u9078\u64c7\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002 (Hurka\uff0c1993\uff1a 195)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u9032\u8def\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u5217\u8868\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6 (objective list perfectionism)\u3002\u5ba2\u89c0\u5217\u8868\u6700\u521d\u7531\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5e15\u83f2\u7279(Derek Parfit)\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u201c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u597d\u7684\u6216\u58de\u7684\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u4eba\u5011\u662f\u5426\u60f3\u8981\u9019\u4e9b\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u907f\u514d\u9019\u4e9b\u58de\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u5584\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u751f\u5152\u80b2\u5973\u4e14\u6210\u70ba\u597d\u5bb6\u9577\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u4ee5\u53ca\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7f8e\u201d(Parfit\uff0c1984\uff1a 499)\u3002\u5e15\u83f2\u7279\u672c\u4eba\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8b49\u660e\u9019\u5f35\u95dc\u65bc\u5584\u7269\u7684\u5217\u8868\u4f55\u4ee5\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u3002\u9019\u9805\u8ad6\u8b49\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u7531\u55ac\u6cbb\u00b7\u8b1d\u723e\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u8b1d\u723e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5584\u7269\u95dc\u806f\u5230\u4ed6\u6240\u8b1b\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u201c\u904b\u7528\u65e2\u8fd1\u4e4e\u666e\u904d\u53c8\u8fd1\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u201d\uff1b\u4eba\u985e\u5584\u7269\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u6709\u5167\u5728\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u7279\u6027\u548c\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9019\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6210\u529f\u904b\u7528\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u904e\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u5be6\u73fe\u52a0\u4ee5\u8861\u91cf\u7684(Sher\uff0c1997\uff1a 202)\u3002\u8b1d\u723e\u9032\u800c\u8a66\u5716\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5e15\u83f2\u7279\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u597d\u4e8b\u7269\u78ba\u5be6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u5584\u7269\u3002\u70ba\u6b64\uff0c\u8b1d\u723e\u5c07\u5e15\u83f2\u7279\u5217\u8209\u7684\u516d\u9805\u5206\u6210\u5169\u7d44\u52a0\u4ee5\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u7d44\u5305\u62ec\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u7406\u6027\u6d3b\u52d5\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4ea4\u5f80(\u793e\u6703\u4ea4\u5f80\u662f\u5e15\u83f2\u7279\u8868\u4e2d\u6240\u5217\u4e4b\u751f\u5152 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206)\u3002\u5728\u8b1d\u723e\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7d44\u4e2d\u7684\u9019\u4e09\u9805\u5584\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5167\u5728\u76ee\u6a19\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7d44\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u9805\u5373\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5584\u3001\u6b23\u8cde\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7f8e\u4ee5\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u76ee\u6a19(Sher\uff0c1997\uff1a 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207-8)\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5584\u8207\u7406\u6027\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u968e\u6bb5\u3002\u4f5c\u51fa\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u9019\u4e00\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u5f37\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8b1d\u723e\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u7531\u7e3d\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u597d\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a(\u5e7e\u4e4e)\u7e3d\u662f\u8981\u6bd4\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u5167\u5728\u7684\u5584\u201d(Sher\uff0c1997\uff1a 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style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u901a\u904e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u8b1d\u723e\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u8ad6\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u5e15\u83f2\u7279\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u5217\u8868\u78ba\u5be6\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u5584\u7269\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u4f5c\u70ba\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4f86\u4fc3\u9032\u9019\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u201d(Sher\uff0c1997\uff1a 245)\u3002\u64da\u6b64\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u5176\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u61c9\u7576\u7981\u6b62\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u985e\u5584\u7269\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u5011\u672c\u4f86\u53ef\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u9650\u5236\u8faf\u8b77\u6642\uff0c 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style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);line-height:2\">\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u96d6\u7136\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e26\u975e\u70cf\u6258\u90a6\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u9577\u6642\u9593\u6211\u5011\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u5fb9\u5e95\u6452\u68c4\u61f2\u7f70\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u6240\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4e0d\u61c8\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c0d\u5176\u5be6\u65bd\u61f2\u7f70\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4eba\u6578\u4e00\u5b9a\u76f8\u7576\u5c11\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5a01\u61fe\u4e5f\u5c31\u5920\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u88fd\u5b9a\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4f46\u7121\u9700\u4f7f\u7528(Kongzi Jiayu 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