{"id":4914,"date":"2023-03-19T19:49:16","date_gmt":"2023-03-19T19:49:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/?p=4914"},"modified":"2023-03-20T20:41:36","modified_gmt":"2023-03-20T20:41:36","slug":"%e8%ae%ba%e5%84%92%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e6%80%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/blog\/2023\/03\/19\/%e8%ae%ba%e5%84%92%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e6%80%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8ad6\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u9ec3\u7389\u9806<\/a>
\u5c71\u6771\u5927\u5b78
\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6b0a\u65bc\u9032\u6b65\u5112\u5b78\u7db2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u4e0b\u8f09PDF\u7248\u672c<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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1. \u73fe\u4ee3\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u5f62\u4e0b\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5112\u5b78\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u4f55\u4ee5\u80fd\u5920\u767c\u751f? \u9019\u88e1\u65e2\u6709\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u7684\u5b78\u7406\u4f9d\u64da\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3001<\/strong>\u5112\u5b78\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4f9d\u64da\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u8f49\u578b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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( \u4e00) \u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5f62\u614b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u50c5\u5c31\u53ef\u9760\u6587\u737b\u8a18\u8f09\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u53ef\u5206\u4e09\u5927\u793e\u6703\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u5176\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u5169\u6b21\u793e\u6703\u5927\u8f49\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u89c0\u5ff5\u5927\u8f49\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u738b\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3 ( \u590f\u5546\u897f\u5468)\uff1a\u5176\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u8fb2\u8015\u7684\u5b97\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u6240\u6709\u88fd\u662f\u571f\u5730\u516c\u6709\u88fd ( \u201c\u6ea5\u5929\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u83ab\u975e\u738b\u571f\u201d) \uff0c\u5176\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u662f\u5b97\u65cf (clan family) (\u81ea\u5929\u5b50\u81f3\u8af8\u4faf\u5927\u592b\u7b49\u69cb\u6210\u5927\u5b97\u5c0f\u5b97) \uff0c\u5176\u502b\u7406\u662f\u5b97\u6cd5\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u662f\u738b\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb (\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u300b\u201c\u5c0a\u738b\u201d \u4e43\u6e90\u65bc\u6b64) \uff0c\u5176\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u8cb4\u65cf\u5171\u548c (\u4e26\u975e \u201c\u5c08\u5236\u201d) (\u8a73\u898b\u4e0b\u6587) \uff0c\u5176\u570b\u5bb6\u9ad4\u5236\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u738b\u570b\u53ca\u8af8\u4faf\u570b\u69cb\u6210\u7684 \u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\u79e9\u5e8f ( \u57fa\u65bc\u5b97\u6cd5\u8840\u7de3) (\u300a\u5927\u5b78\u300b \u201c\u5bb6 \uff0d \u570b \uff0d \u5929\u4e0b\u201d \u540c\u69cb\u7684 \u201c\u4fee \uff0d \u9f4a \uff0d \u6cbb \uff0d \u5e73\u201d \u4e43\u57fa\u65bc\u6b64) \uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005(sovereign owner) \u662f\u738b\u65cf\u53ca\u8af8\u4faf\u5b97\u65cf\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u5b97\u65cf\u5b97\u6cd5\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u8f49\u578b ( \u6625\u79cb\u6230\u570b)\uff1a\u5f9e\u738b\u6b0a\u793e\u6703\u8f49\u5411\u7687\u6b0a\u793e\u6703; \u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4f34\u96a8\u8457 \u201c\u8ef8\u5fc3\u6642\u4ee3\u201d \u7684 \u201c\u767e\u5bb6\u722d\u9cf4\u201d\u3002 \u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u7687\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3 (\u81ea\u79e6\u6f22\u81f3\u660e\u6e05)\uff1a\u5176\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u8fb2\u8015\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b ( \u201c\u5bb6\u65cf\u201d \u6982\u5ff5\u4e26\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc \u201c\u5b97\u65cf\u201d \u6982\u5ff5) \uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u6240\u6709\u88fd\u662f\u571f\u5730\u79c1\u6709\u88fd (\u6625\u79cb\u6230\u570b\u6642\u671f\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u571f\u5730\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u548c\u5730\u4e3b\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u51fa\u73fe) \uff0c\u5176\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u662f\u5bb6\u65cf (home family) (\u59cb\u65bc\u6625\u79cb\u6230\u570b\u6642\u671f\u5927\u592b\u4e4b \u201c\u5bb6\u201d \u7684\u65e5\u6f38\u5f37\u52e2) (\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9b25\u722d\u5176\u5be6\u4e26\u975e\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5404\u5927\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9b25\u722d) \uff0c\u5176\u502b\u7406\u662f\u5bb6\u65cf\u502b\u7406 (\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u7236\u8981\u5b50\u4ea1\uff0c\u5b50\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ea1\u201d \u4e43\u57fa\u65bc\u6b64) ( \u653f\u6cbb\u502b\u7406\u4ea6\u57fa\u65bc\u5bb6\u65cf\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u6545 \u300a\u5b5d\u7d93\u300b\u4e3b\u984c\u70ba \u201c\u79fb\u5b5d\u4f5c\u5fe0\u201d) \uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u662f\u7687\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb (\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5c08\u5236\u201d) \uff0c\u5176\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5bb0\u8f14\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5176\u570b\u5bb6\u9ad4\u5236\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u5e1d\u570b\u53ca\u85e9\u5c6c\u570b\u7684 \u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u201d \u79e9\u5e8f ( \u4e26\u975e\u57fa\u65bc\u5b97\u6cd5\u8840\u7de3) \uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u662f\u7687\u65cf (\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u6240\u5c01\u4e4b \u201c\u738b\u201d \u6c92\u6709\u4e3b\u6b0a\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u8af8\u4faf) \uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u5bb6\u65cf\u5b97\u6cd5\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u8f49\u578b ( \u8fd1\u73fe\u7576\u4ee3)\uff1a\u5f9e\u7687\u6b0a\u793e\u6703\u8f49\u5411\u6c11\u6b0a\u793e\u6703; \u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u65b0\u8ef8\u5fc3\u671f\u201d \u7684 \u201c\u65b0\u5b78\u201d \u7684 \u201c\u767e\u5bb6\u722d\u9cf4\u201d\u3002 \u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u6c11\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3 (\u7576\u4ee3\u8da8\u52e2)\uff1a\u5176\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5de5\u5546\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b (\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u57ce\u5e02\u5316) \uff0c\u5176\u6240\u6709\u88fd\u662f\u4ee5\u79c1\u6709\u88fd\u70ba\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u6240\u6709\u88fd (\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u4ea6\u7136)\uff0c\u5176\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u662f\u500b\u9ad4 (\u7d55\u975e\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead nuclear family) ( \u8a73\u4e0b) \uff0c\u5176\u502b\u7406\u662f\u4ee5\u500b\u9ad4\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u502b\u7406 (\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e26\u4e0d\u5426\u5b9a\u592b\u59bb\u96d9\u65b9\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u4f4d) \uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb ( \u5118\u7ba1\u5404\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c) \uff0c\u5176\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5176\u570b\u5bb6\u9ad4\u5236\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u570b\u65cf ( nation) \u53ca\u570b\u65cf\u9593\u7684\u570b\u969b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u662f\u516c\u6c11 (\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6b0a\u201d \u5176\u5be6\u6700\u7d42\u6e90\u65bc\u516c\u6c11\u6388\u6b0a) \uff0c \u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u4eba\u6b0a\u89c0\u5ff5 (\u8a73\u4e0b) \uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6b77\u53f2\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u7c21\u8981\u52fe\u52d2\uff0c\u57fa\u65bc\u5c0d\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6f14\u8b8a\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u9650\u65bc\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u4e0d\u4f5c\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u737b\u7684\u7e41\u7463\u5f15\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

( \u4e8c) \u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u8f49\u578b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0a\u6587\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6c11\u6b0a\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5426\u78ba\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8da8\u5411\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u3001\u4ee5\u81f3\u7576\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8ab2\u984c\uff0c \u95dc\u4e4e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684 \u201c\u4e2d\u570b\u554f\u984c\u201d \u2014\u2014\u2014 \u201c\u4e2d\u570b\u5411\u4f55\u8655\u53bb\u201d \u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u70ba\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u64c7\u8981\u7565\u52a0\u8a0e\u8ad6:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u95dc\u65bc\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u9ede\u662f\u78ba\u5b9a\u7121\u7591\u7684\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u6b63\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\uff1b\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u8a34\u6c42\uff1b\u6975\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u5373\u4fbf\u4e0d\u8d0a\u6210\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u6297\u62d2\u9019\u500b\u9032\u7a0b\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u9ede\u540c\u6a23\u662f\u78ba\u5b9a\u7121\u7591\u7684\uff1a\u7121\u8ad6\u600e\u6a23\u770b\u5f85\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u8a8d\u8b58\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u50b3\u7d71\u8fb2\u6751\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6d88\u89e3\u6216\u8005\u8f49\u8b8a\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u8b8a\u70ba\u57ce\u93ae\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u8b8a\u70ba\u975e\u50b3\u7d71\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684 \u201c\u8fb2\u6751\u201d\uff0c\u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u5de5\u5546\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u9644\u5c6c\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9019\u7121\u95dc\u4e4e\u50f9\u503c\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e8b\u5be6\u9673\u8ff0\u3002\u9019\u986f\u7136\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5fc5\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6b63\u5728\u7531\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u8fb2\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65bc\u662f\uff0c\u5112\u5b78\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u908f\u8f2f:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u5047\u5982\u5112\u5b78\u53ea\u80fd\u8207\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u8fb2\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u793e\u6703\u3001\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6346\u7d81\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5112\u5b78\u5fc5\u5b9a\u8fc5\u901f\u6ec5\u4ea1 \u00a0 (\u00a0\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u7a31\u73fe\u4ee3\u5112\u5b78\u5df2\u662f\u9b42\u4e0d\u9644\u9ad4\u7684\u00a0 \u201c\u904a\u9b42\u201d \u5373\u57fa\u65bc\u6b64)\u00a0 \u3002\u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\u7684\u00a0 \u201c\u9109\u6751\u5efa\u8a2d\u904b\u52d5\u201d \u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5373\u5728\u65bc\u6b64\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4e00\u518d\u8b1b\uff1a\u70ba\u5112\u5b78\u5fa9\u8208\u8a08\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u641e \u201c\u9109\u6751\u5112\u5b78\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u641e \u201c\u57ce\u5e02\u5112\u5b78\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u95dc\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff1a\u5b97\u65cf\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5c31\u662f\u5b97\u65cf ( \u738b\u65cf\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u8cb4\u65cf) ; \u5bb6\u65cf\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5c31\u662f\u5bb6\u65cf (\u7687\u65cf\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5bb6\u65cf)\uff1b\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u53c8\u662f\u8ab0? \u4eba\u5011\u5bb9\u6613\u60f3\u5230\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5f62\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u2014\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u9019\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5927\u8b2c\u4e0d\u7136\u7684\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee5\u5bb6\u5ead\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u3002\u7d93\u6fdf\u6d3b\u52d5\u53ca\u5176\u6b0a\u5229\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee5\u5bb6\u5ead\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\uff1b\u5bb6\u5ead\u8ca1\u7522\u4e5f\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u592b\u59bb\u96d9\u65b9\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u6536\u5165\u662f\u5404\u81ea\u7368\u7acb\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u8655\u7f6e\u7684\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52d5\u53ca\u5176\u6b0a\u5229\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ee5\u5bb6\u5ead\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u592b\u5a66\u53ca\u5176\u6210\u5e74\u5b50\u5973\u5404\u81ea\u4eab\u6709\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u8207\u88ab\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u73fe\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7d66\u4e88\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eca\u5929\u4e00\u4e9b\u5112\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u6062\u5fa9\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u5b97\u6cd5\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u90a3\u986f\u7136\u662f\u5f92\u52de\u7121\u76ca\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u5112\u8005\u5021\u5c0e \u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u672c\u4f4d\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5176\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u201d \u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u5b97\u65cf\u6216\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u4f86\u00a0 \u201c\u7cfe\u6b63\u201d\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u4ee4\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u201c\u87b3\u81c2\u64cb\u8eca\u201d \u7684\u6210\u8a9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u95dc\u65bc\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u8f49\u63db\uff0c\u8207\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e26\u975e\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5b\u5b78\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u751f\u4f4f\u7570\u6ec5\u201d \u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c \u5176 \u201c\u7570\u201d \u5373\u5176\u6b77\u53f2\u5730\u8b8a\u7570\u3002\u76f8\u61c9\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e5f\u6709\u4e09\u7a2e\u6b77\u53f2\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u5373\u767c\u6e90\u65bc\u53e4\u4ee3\u6c0f\u65cf\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u5b97\u65cf\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6b64\u5f8c\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u5bb6\u5ead (\u5169\u8005\u5408\u7a31\u5b97\u6cd5\u5bb6\u5ead) \u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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4. \u95dc\u65bc\u60c5\u611f\u50be\u5411\u53ca\u5176\u502b\u7406\u6548\u61c9\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u4e0d\u50c5\u8996\u4ec1\u611b\u70ba\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ee5\u4ec1\u611b\u60c5\u611f\u4f86\u95e1\u660e\u4e00\u5207\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u50c5\u4ee5\u4e4b\u95e1\u660e\u5584\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ee5\u4e4b\u95e1\u660e\u60e1\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u514b\u670d\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u9019\u662f\u6975\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u66fe\u53e6\u6587\u52a0\u4ee5\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002\u800c\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u5411\u6027\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u5373\u6709\u5176\u6307\u5411\u6027\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6709\u5176\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u4ec1\u611b\u60c5\u611f\u4ea6\u7136\uff0c\u7d55\u975e\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u5176\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u50be\u5411\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u5b54\u5b50\u4e26\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u4ee5 \u201c\u611b\u201d\u91cb \u201c\u4ec1\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u91cb\u4e4b\u4ee5 \u201c\u611b\u4eba\u201d (\u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u00b7 \u984f\u6df5\u300b)\u3002\u800c\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u50be\u5411\u5c0d\u50cf\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8207\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u6b77\u53f2\u5f62\u614b\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u5b5f\u5b50\u8ac7 \u201c\u611b\u541b\u201d (\u300a\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u4e0b\u300b)\uff0c\u5176\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u5f62\u614b\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u541b\u4e3b\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u4ec1\u611b\u60c5\u611f\u4e5f\u5c31\u5c0e\u5411\u4e86\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b5f\u5b50\u6709\u4e00\u756a\u8a71\uff0c\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5f35\u00a0 \u201c\u611b\u6709\u5dee\u7b49\u201d (\u300a\u6ed5\u6587\u516c\u4e0a\u300b)\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a \u201c\u541b\u5b50\u4e4b\u65bc\u7269\u4e5f\uff0c\u611b\u4e4b\u800c\u5f17\u4ec1\uff1b \u65bc\u6c11\u4e5f\uff0c\u4ec1\u4e4b\u800c\u5f17\u89aa\u3002\u89aa\u89aa\u800c\u4ec1\u6c11\uff0c\u4ec1\u6c11\u800c\u611b\u7269\u3002\u201d\u00a0 (\u300a\u76e1\u5fc3\u4e0a\u300b)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u9019\u6a23\u7684 \u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u201d\uff0c \u901a\u4fd7\u5730\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u611b\u89aa\u4eba\u52dd\u904e\u611b\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u611b\u4ed6\u4eba\u52dd\u904e\u611b\u4ed6\u7269\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c \u8b02\u4e4b\u00a0 \u201c\u8840\u89aa\u502b\u7406\u201d\uff0c \u4e26\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u906d\u5230\u6279 \u5224\u3002\u800c\u53ef\u7b11\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u4e00\u4e9b\u5112\u8005\u7adf\u7136\u8a8d\u53ef\u800c\u4e14\u5805\u6301\u9019\u79cd\u8840\u89aa\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f86\u6297\u62d2\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u6b8a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9019\u5b8c\u5168\u8aa4\u89e3\u4e86\u5b5f\u5b50\u7684\u502b\u7406\u601d\u60f3:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5b5f\u5b50\u3001\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4ec1\u611b\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u6709\u00a0 \u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u201d \u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u9084\u6709 \u201c\u4e00\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4ec1\u201d \u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u624d\u662f\u5efa\u69cb\u502b\u7406\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6839\u64da\u00a0 (\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0b\u7bc0\u9084\u5c07\u6d89\u53ca)\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c \u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u201d \u56fa\u7136\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5be6\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ea\u662f \u201c\u4e00\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4ec1\u201d \u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5be6\u73fe\u65b9\u5f0f;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7576\u5176\u843d\u5be6\u65bc\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b5f\u5b50\u6240\u8655\u7406\u7684\u662f\u5b97\u6cd5\u793e\u6703\u7684\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8840\u89aa\u502b\u7406\u5728\u7576\u6642\u78ba\u5be6\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u3001\u9069\u5b9c\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u9019\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u3002\u9019\u6070\u6070\u662f\u5b5f\u5b50\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u7684\u9ad4\u73fe\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u502b\u7406\u7d55\u975e\u4ee5\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\u70ba\u672c\u4f4d\u7684\u8840\u89aa\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u500b\u9ad4\u70ba\u672c\u4f4d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u502b\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u500b\u9ad4\u502b\u7406\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u5bb6\u5ead\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u69cb\u6210\u5c0d\u7acb\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1b\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u500b\u9ad4\u502b\u7406\u6070\u6070\u662f\u5c0d\u5bb6\u5ead\u502b\u7406\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5373\u4ee5\u611b\u60c5 \uff0d \u5a5a\u59fb \uff0d\u5bb6\u5ead\u554f\u984c\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u57fa\u65bc\u592b\u59bb\u96d9\u65b9\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u5951\u7d04\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5951\u7d04\u95dc\u4fc2\u53c8\u57fa\u65bc\u7531\u96d9\u65b9\u7684\u611b\u60c5\u6240\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u4fe1\u8cf4\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u611b\u60c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u5247\u53c8\u57fa\u65bc\u96d9\u65b9\u7368\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u611b\u60c5\u7684\uff0c \u201c\u7537\u6b61\u5973\u611b\u201d \u4e26\u975e\u73fe\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u7684 \u201c\u611b\u60c5\u201d\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u611b\u60c5\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u662f\u7537\u5973\u96d9\u65b9\u7368\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u500b\u9ad4\u6027\u5728\u5b97\u65cf\u793e\u6703\u548c\u5bb6\u65cf\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u5be6\u662f\uff1a\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5b97\u65cf\u4e4b\u9593\u6216\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u806f\u59fb\uff0c\u9075\u884c \u201c\u7236\u6bcd\u4e4b\u547d\uff0c\u5a92\u5981\u4e4b\u8a00\u201d \u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7537\u5973\u500b\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u7531\u611b\u60c5\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u201d \u554f\u984c\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u7279\u9ede\uff1a\u5728 \u201c\u79c1\u5fb7\u201d \u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\u4eab\u6709\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684 \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d \u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u79c1\u4eba\u9818\u57df (private) \u8207\u516c\u5171\u9818\u57df (public) \u7684\u5283\u754c (\u56b4\u5fa9\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u7fa4\u5df1\u6b0a\u754c\u201d)\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u7b49\u516c\u5171\u4eba\u7269\uff0c \u5247\u6709\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684 \u201c\u79c1\u5fb7\u201d \u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u52d5\u6a5f\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u70ba\u5f8c\u679c\u5f80\u5f80\u76f4\u63a5\u95dc\u4e4e\u516c\u5171\u9818\u57df\u7684\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6\u7684\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u8207\u516c\u5e73\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u6b63\u7fa9\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u95dc\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u3002\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u662f\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5373\u738b\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u7687\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb\uff1b\u800c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u5247\u662f\u6c11\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u8207\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u8f49\u63db\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\u7576\u4eca\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5112\u8005\u5c45\u7136\u53cd\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5ba3\u63da\u6240\u8b02\u00a0 \u201c\u738b\u9053\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u6ed1\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5927\u7a3d\uff1a\u6240\u8b02\u00a0 \u201c\u738b\u9053\u201d \u662f\u8207\u6625\u79cb\u6642\u671f\u8af8\u4faf\u722d\u9738\u7684\u00a0 \u201c\u9738\u9053\u201d \u76f8\u5c0d\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u672c\u7fa9\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u9023\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u7687\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb\u90fd\u4e0d\u5728\u5176\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u50c5\u6307\u5b97\u65cf\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u738b\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u95dc\u65bc\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u738b\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u8cb4\u65cf\u5171\u548c\u3002\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5171\u548c\u201d \u4e26\u4e0d\u50c5\u6709 \u201c\u9031\u53ec\u5171\u548c\u201d \u90a3\u6a23\u7684 \u201c\u865b\u541b\u5171\u548c\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5 \u201c\u5be6\u541b\u5171\u548c\u201d \u70ba\u5e38\u614b\u7684\uff0c\u9817\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5171\u548c\u570b\u201d (republic) (\u00a0 \u901a\u8b6f\u70ba \u201c\u7406\u60f3\u570b\u201d)\u00a0 \uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5929\u4e0b\u5171\u4e3b\u7684 \u201c\u738b\u201d \u4e26\u4e0d\u662f \u201c\u4e7e\u7db1\u7368\u65b7\u201d \u5730\u5c08\u5236\u7368\u88c1\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5728 \u300a\u5c1a\u66f8\u00b7\u5468\u66f8\u300b\u4e2d\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u986f\u7684\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u6216\u7687\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u4e86\u6240\u8b02\u00a0 \u201c\u5c08\u5236\u201d\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u5c31\u5176\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u5bb0\u8f14\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7687\u4e0a\u5176\u5be6\u4e26\u4e0d\u90a3\u9ebc \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u6703\u63a1\u53d6\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5076\u723e\u7684\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u6c7a ( \u4f46\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u8207\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76f8\u5340\u5225) \uff0c\u4f46\u5e38\u614b\u662f\u9593\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5373\u4ee3\u8b70\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u95dc\u65bc\u570b\u5bb6\u9ad4\u5236\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u5217\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u00a0 (\u738b\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u548c\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u4ee3 \u00a0 (\u7687\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3)\u00a0 \uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5247\u662f\u570b\u65cf\u6642\u4ee3\u3002 \u201c\u570b\u65cf\u201d (nation)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u65e2\u975e\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684 \u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u00a0 (ethnic\/nationality)\u00a0 \uff0c\u4e5f\u975e\u8cab\u901a\u53e4\u4eca\u7684 \u201c\u570b\u5bb6\u201d\u00a0 (state)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8aaa\u00a0 \u201c\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u201d\u662f\u5f88\u8352\u8a95\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u00a0 \u201c\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u201d (nationalities)\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u55ae\u4e00\u00a0\u201c\u570b\u5bb6\u201d\u00a0 (\u570b\u65cf nation)\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4ea6\u975e\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684 \u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u201d \u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u570b\u65cf\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u570b\u969b\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u540c\u6642\u5be6\u884c\u8457\u5169\u689d\u653f\u6cbb\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u662f \u201c\u96d9\u91cd\u6a19\u6e96\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u6c11\u4e3b\u898f\u5247\u548c\u5be6\u529b\u898f\u5247\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u5be6\u529b\u7684\u570b\u65cf\u6210\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3 \u201c\u5e1d\u570b\u201d\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u624b\u6bb5\u638c\u63a7\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u8b02\u4e4b \u201c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u3002\u9019\u96d6\u7136\u8207\u53e4\u4ee3 \u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u5177\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c \u4f46\u537b\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u672c\u8cea\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u5373\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u5340\u5225\u3002\u4ee5\u570b\u65cf\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u6240\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u570b\u65cf\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u554f\u984c\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7d42\u6975\u7406\u60f3\uff1b\u81f3\u65bc\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u8d85\u570b\u65cf\u6642\u4ee3 (supranational age) \u53ca\u5176\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u8d85\u570b\u65cf\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9 (supranational cosmopolitism) \u6216\u8d85\u570b\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9 (supranationalism) \u524d\u666f\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5247\u4e0d\u662f\u672c\u6587\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u53ea\u60f3\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5982\u4eca\u67d0\u4e9b\u5112\u8005\u9f13\u5439\u7684\u570b\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9 (nationalism \u820a\u8b6f \u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d) \u7684 \u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d \u6050\u6709\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5acc\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u53cd\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. \u95dc\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u3002 \u201c\u4e3b\u6b0a\u201d\u00a0 (sovereignty)\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u662f\u7531\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u501f\u7528\u800c\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u8207 \u201c\u541b\u6b0a\u201d \u662f\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u8a5e\u00a0 (\u4f46 \u201c\u6715\u5373\u570b\u5bb6\u201d \u4e4b \u201c\u6715\u201d \u5176\u5be6\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u738b\u65cf\u6216\u7687\u65cf\u7684\u4ee3\u8868)\u00a0 \u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8207\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u8f49\u63db\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u738b\u65cf\u3001\u8af8\u4faf\u6216\u7687\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u5c24\u9808\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u7d55\u975e\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\uff1b\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u662f\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7d93\u516c\u6c11\u6388\u6b0a\u800c\u4ee3\u884c\u4e3b\u6b0a\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u7336\u5982\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u500b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u4eba\u4e43\u662f\u80a1\u6771\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u95dc\u65bc\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u7d93\u5145\u5206\u9336\u660e\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e26\u4e0d\u57fa\u65bc\u5b97\u65cf\u6216\u5bb6\u65cf\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u57fa\u65bc\u73fe\u4ee3\u6838\u5fc3\u5bb6\u5ead\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u4e5f\u4e0d\u57fa\u65bc \u201c\u4f01\u696d\u55ae\u4f4d\u201d \u548c \u201c\u4e8b\u696d\u55ae\u4f4d\u201d \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\uff0c \u800c\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u500b\u9ad4 (individual) \uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f \u201c\u4eba\u6b0a\u201d \u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u61b2\u6cd5\u624d\u7279\u5225\u5f37\u8abf \u201c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\u201d\uff1b\u800c\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e4b \u201c\u4eba\u201d (human)\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u96c6\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\u7684 \u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d (people) \uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u70cf\u5408\u7684 \u201c\u5927\u773e\u201d (mass) \uff0c\u800c\u662f\u500b\u4eba (person) \u3002\u552f\u5176\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8af8\u5982 \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d \u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d \u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d \u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u624d\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u5217\u5165 \u201c\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u5ff5\u7121\u4e0d\u57fa\u65bc \u201c\u4eba\u201d \u4e4b \u201c\u4eba\u6b0a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5112\u8005\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u4ee3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u65a5\u4e4b\u70ba \u201c\u897f\u65b9\u201d \u7684 \u201c\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u8b66\u60d5\u7684\u3002\u9019\u91cc\u7279\u5225\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u601d\u7dad\u65b9\u5f0f:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u4ee5 \u201c\u4e2d\u897f\u4e4b\u722d\u201d \u4f86\u63a9\u84cb \u201c\u53e4\u4eca\u4e4b\u8b8a\u201d\uff0c\u5c07\u6b77\u6642\u6027\u554f\u984c\u5077\u63db\u70ba\u5171\u6642\u6027\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6297\u62d2\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684 \u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u201d \u7d55\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u81f3\u591a\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u5fc5\u9808\u4e5f\u80fd\u5920\u89e3\u7b54\u4e0a\u8ff0\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

( \u4e09)\u00a0 \u73fe\u4ee3\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u6548\u61c9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u00a0 \u201c\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\u201d\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u53cd\u6620\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\uff1a\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027\u7684\u5275\u9020;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u7136\u800c\u6709\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u6709\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027\u3002\u8f03\u4e4b\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u3001\u5373\u5b97\u65cf\u6216\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u9ad4\u662f\u500b\u9ad4\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u500b\u9ad4\u6027\u7684:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u4eba\u5011\u4ee5\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u53c3\u8207\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5982\u6c42\u8077\u8207\u4efb\u8077\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u8077\u5834\u4eba\u54e1\uff1b\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee5\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u9078\u8209\u8207\u88ab\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u516c\u6c11;\u00a0 \u00a0 \u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u5207\u5fc5\u7136\u5728\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e0a\u9ad4\u73fe\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u500b\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b78\u754c\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u8aa4\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u897f\u65b9\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u897f\u65b9\u65e9\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u5c31\u662f\u500b\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e8b\u5be6\u6b63\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u53e4\u4ee3\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e00\u6a23\u662f\u5bb6\u65cf\u96c6\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u5bb6\u65cf\u5229\u76ca\u8207\u5bb6\u65cf\u69ae\u8b7d\u9ad8\u65bc\u4e00\u5207\uff1b\u500b\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u662f\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u3001\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u548c\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u7b49\u5bc6\u5207\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u99ac\u4e01\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769 ( Religious Reform) \uff0c\u624d\u5f9e\u6559\u6703\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97cb\u4f2f\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u65b0\u6559\u502b\u7406\u201d ( Protestant work ethic) \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u8b8a\u9769\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e9\u5df2\u767c\u751f\u5728\u5112\u5b78\u5167\u90e8\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc0\u6240\u6558\u8ff0\u7684\u5112\u5b78\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u6211\u8b8a\u9769\uff0c\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4eca\u5929\u4e00\u4e9b\u5112\u8005\u5c07\u5112\u5b78\u8207\u500b\u9ad4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u7acb\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5c0d\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u73fe\u4ee3\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u8d70\u5411\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u3001\u5be6\u73fe\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u6975\u5176\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u4e09\u3001\u5112\u5b78\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u5b78\u7406\u4f9d\u64da\uff1a\u5112\u5b78\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u7684\u6f84\u6e05<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5112\u5b78\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8907\u6578\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u81ea\u5b54\u5b50\u4e4b\u5f8c \u201c\u5112\u5206\u70ba\u516b\u201d \u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u904e\u5404\u7a2e\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u5112\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u6b77\u53f2\u6642\u671f\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u65e8\u8da3\u5404\u7570\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5927\u76f8\u5f91\u5ead\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u5b78\u6d3e\uff1b\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u8981\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba \u201c\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u201d \u7684 \u201c\u5112\u5b78\u201d \u5247\u662f\u55ae\u6578\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u53e4\u4eca\u4e2d\u5916\u6240\u6709\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u5171\u540c\u539f\u7406\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u7406\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u907a\u5fd8\u6216\u906e\u853d\u4e86\uff0c\u4e9f\u9700\u91cd\u65b0\u52a0\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

( \u4e00) \u6b63\u672c\u6e05\u6e90\uff1a\u95dc\u65bc\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u8aa4\u8b80<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u7684\u906e\u853d\u8207\u907a\u5fd8\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u8aa4\u8b80\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u50c5\u4ee5\u5112\u5b78\u6838\u5fc3\u7bc4\u7587 \u201c\u4ec1\u7fa9\u79ae\u667a\u201d \u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u898b\u4e00\u6591\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u5c07 \u201c\u4ec1\u7fa9\u79ae\u667a\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u70ba \u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u502b\u7406\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u201d\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u6e90\u81ea\u6731\u71b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07 \u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u00b7 \u516c\u5b6b\u919c\u4e0a\u300b \u7684 \u201c\u56db\u7aef\u201d \u8207\u300a\u5468\u6613\u00b7\u4e7e\u6587\u8a00\u300b\u7684 \u201c\u541b\u5b50\u56db\u5fb7\u201d( \u5143\u4ea8\u5229\u8c9e)\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u9644\u6703\u4ee5\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5143\u8005\u2026\u2026\u65bc\u4eba\u5247\u70ba\u4ec1\uff0c\u800c\u773e\u5584\u4e4b\u9577\u4e5f\uff1b\u4ea8\u8005\u2026\u2026\u65bc\u4eba\u5247\u70ba\u79ae\uff0c\u800c\u773e\u7f8e\u4e4b\u6703\u4e5f\uff1b\u5229\u8005\u2026\u2026 \u65bc\u4eba\u5247\u70ba\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u5f97\u5176\u5206\u4e4b\u548c;\u00a0 \u8c9e\u8005\u2026\u2026\u65bc\u4eba\u5247\u70ba\u667a\uff0c\u800c\u70ba\u773e\u4e8b\u4e4b\u5e79\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u6a23\u7684 \u201c\u56db\u5fb7\u201d \u89c0\u5ff5\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u8b1b\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\u3002\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5fb7\u201d \u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u601d\uff1f\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u5112\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5fb7\u201d \u53ea\u6709\u5f62\u4e0a\u8207\u5f62\u4e0b\u5169\u7a2e\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f62\u4e0a\u4e4b\u5fb7\u8b02\u4e4b \u201c\u5fb7\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u5f62\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5fb7\u8b02\u4e4b \u201c\u5fb7\u76ee\u201d (\u9053\u5fb7\u689d\u76ee) \uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5169\u8005\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u56db\u5fb7\u201d \u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5f62\u4e0a\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3001\u9084\u662f\u5f62\u4e0b\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5fb7\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u662f\u5f62\u4e0a\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u537b\u4e5f\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7a0b\u6731\u7406\u5b78\u7684 \u201c\u5fb7\u6027\u201d \u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684 (apriori) \u6216\u5148\u9a57\u7684 (transcendental) \uff0c\u5373\u662f \u201c\u5929\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u6027\u5373\u7406\u201d (\u300a\u907a\u66f8\u300b\u5377\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u4e0b) \u3002\u4f46\u9019\u5176\u5be6\u4e26\u975e\u5b5f\u5b50\u7684\u539f\u610f\uff0c\u5b5f\u5b50\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u6027\u201d \u4e26\u975e\u4eba\u5011\u6240\u8aa4\u89e3\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6216\u5148\u9a57\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u4ed6\u8b1b \u201c\u4ec1\u7fa9\u79ae\u667a\u6839\u65bc\u5fc3\u201d(\u300a\u76e1\u5fc3\u4e0a\u300b) \uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6b64 \u201c\u5fc3\u201d\u537b\u662f \u201c\u60fb\u96b1\u4e4b\u5fc3\u201d \u7b49 \u201c\u56db\u7aef\u201d \u60c5\u611f (\u300a\u516c\u5b6b\u919c\u4e0a\u300b) (\u6731\u71b9\u4e5f\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u662f \u201c\u60c5\u201d \u800c\u975e \u201c\u6027\u201d) ; \u6b64 \u201c\u60c5\u201d \u840c\u751f\u65bc \u201c\u4e4d\u898b\u5b7a\u5b50\u5c07\u5165\u65bc\u4e95\u201d \u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u9808\u7d93\u904e \u201c\u64f4\u800c\u5145\u4e4b\u201d (\u300a\u516c\u5b6b\u919c\u4e0a\u300b) \u3001\u201c\u5148\u7acb\u4e4e\u5176\u5927\u8005\u201d (\u300a\u544a\u5b50\u4e0a\u300b) \uff0c\u9019\u624d\u88ab\u78ba\u7acb\u70ba\u5f62\u4e0a\u7684 \u201c\u5fb7\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u8ef8\u5fc3\u6642\u4ee3\u5efa\u69cb\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u5b5f\u5b50\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u6f22\u8a9e \u201c\u6027\u201d \u4e4b\u672c\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u8a31\u614e\u8b1b\uff1a\u201c\u5fb7\u201d \u4f5c\u70ba \u201c\u5f97\u201d \u7684\u540c\u6e90\u8a5e\uff0c\u610f\u8b02 \u201c\u884c\u6709\u6240\u5f97\u201d (\u300a\u8aaa\u6587\u89e3\u5b57\u00b7\u5f73\u90e8\u300b)\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5728\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u8e10\u884c\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u738b\u592b\u4e4b \u201c\u6027\u65e5\u751f\u800c\u65e5\u6210\u201d (\u300a\u5c1a\u66f8\u5f15\u7fa9\u00b7\u592a\u7532\u4e8c\u300b) \u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u8207\u6b64\u543b\u5408\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c \u201c\u4ec1\u7fa9\u79ae\u667a\u201d \u5118\u7ba1\u5f8c\u4f86\u88ab\u78ba\u7acb\u70ba\u5f62\u4e0a\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u672c\u6e90\u537b\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5fb7\u76ee\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u9053\u5fb7\u689d\u76ee\uff0c\u662f\u8aaa\u7684\u5f62\u4e0b\u7684\u502b\u7406\u898f\u7bc4\u3002\u5c07 \u201c\u4ec1\u7fa9\u79ae\u667a\u201d \u4e00\u6982\u8996\u70ba\u5f62\u4e0b\u7684\u502b\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u7247\u9762\u7684\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u4ec1\u7fa9\u79ae\u667a\u201d \u7686\u767c\u7aef\u65bc\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u611f\uff1b\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5efa\u69cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e5f\u662f\u8655\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u8a71\u8a9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u5f62\u4e0b\u7684\u502b\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u7bc4\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\uff0c \u7d71\u8b02\u4e4b \u201c\u79ae\u201d\uff0c \u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u90e8\u300a\u5468\u79ae\u300b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u502b\u7406\u898f\u8303\u5efa\u69cb\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\uff1b\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u51e1 \u201c\u79ae\u201d \u4e4b\u5916\u7684 \u201c\u4ec1\u201d \u201c\u7fa9\u201d \u201c\u667a\u201d \u5747\u975e\u502b\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c \u201c\u4ec1\u7fa9\u79ae\u201d \u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7acb\u9ad4\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7406\u8ad6\u7d50\u69cb\u7cfb\u7d71\u00a0 (\u672c\u6587\u66ab\u4e0d\u8ad6 \u201c\u667a\u201d) \uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e0b\u6587\u5c07\u8981\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

( \u4e8c) \u8ffd\u672c\u6eaf\u6e90: \u5112\u5b78\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8996\u57df\u554f\u984c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0a\u6587\u8ac7\u5230\uff0c \u73fe\u4ee3\u65b0\u5112\u5b78\u00a0 \u201c\u5167\u8056\u958b\u4e0d\u51fa\u65b0\u5916\u738b\u201d\u3002\u5f9e\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u505c\u7559\u65bc \u201c\u5f62\u4e0a \u00a0 \uff0d \u00a0 \u5f62\u4e0b\u201d \u7684 \u601d \u60f3 \u8996 \u57df \u00a0 (horizon \u00a0 of thought)\u00a0 \uff0c\u800c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u67d0\u7a2e\u672c\u6e90\u6027\u7684\u8996\u57df\u3002\u4e0a\u6587\u4e5f\u8ac7\u5230\uff0c\u81ea\u8ef8\u5fc3\u6642\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e \u201c\u5f62\u4e0a \uff0d \u5f62\u4e0b\u201d \u7684\u601d\u7dad\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6a21\u5f0f\u7121\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u00a0 \u201c\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u201d \u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u4e0d\u50c5\u00a0 \u201c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0b\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u00a0 \u201c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u8005\u201d\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd? \u00a0 \u672c\u6e90\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8996\u57df\u662f\u8aaa\uff1a\u9019\u4e9b\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7686\u6e90\u65bc\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u2014\u5148\u5728\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u53ca\u5176\u539f\u521d\u672c\u771f\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u986f\u73fe\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u5178\u5112\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u986f\u73fe\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u4ec1\u611b\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u552f\u5176\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5112\u5b78\u4ee5\u4ec1\u611b\u60c5\u611f\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u5927\u672c\u5927\u6e90\uff0c\u6b64\u5373 \u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u00a0 \u201c\u4e0d\u8aa0\u7121\u7269\u201d\uff1a\u5047\u5982\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u8aa0\u7684\u4ec1\u611b\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u672c\u6e90\u8996\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5efa\u69cb\u8d77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u539f\u7406\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u65b0\u5112\u5b78\u7684 \u201c\u5167\u8056\u201d \u6307\u5411\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u8005\uff0c\u5176 \u201c\u5916\u738b\u201d \u6307\u5411\u5f62\u800c\u4e0b\u8005\uff1b\u4f46\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u3001\u5148\u9a57\u7684 \u201c\u5169\u5c64\u5b58\u6709\u201d\uff0c\u7686\u9808\u70ba\u4e4b\u5960\u57fa\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u2014\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u7686\u9808\u70ba\u4e4b\u958b\u6e90\u95e2\u6d41\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u4fbf\u662f\u7121\u672c\u4e4b\u6728\u3001\u7121\u6e90\u4e4b\u6c34\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

( \u4e09) \u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406: \u5112\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u5c64\u7d1a\u5efa\u69cb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u7d93\u5e38\u8b1b\uff1a\u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c92\u6709\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5112\u5b78\u662f\u5e38\u65b0\u7684\u3002\u201d \u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u6c92\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u201d \u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u7e3d\u662f\u4ee5\u4ec1\u611b\u8ad6\u842c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u4e86\uff1b\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5112\u5b78\u662f\u5e38\u65b0\u7684\u201d \u662f\u8aaa\uff0c \u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u5b78\u8aaa\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u5b78\u8853\u5f62\u614b\u7e3d\u662f\u96a8\u6b77\u53f2\u6642\u4ee3\u800c\u63a8\u9673\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u6642\u4ee3\u6709\u4e00\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5112\u5b78\uff0c\u6545\u6709\u738b\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5112\u5b78\u3001\u7687\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5112\u5b78\u3001\u6c11\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5112\u5b78\u3002\u7136\u800c\u842c\u8b8a\u4e0d\u96e2\u5176\u5b97\uff0c\u201c\u543e\u9053\u4e00\u4ee5\u8cab\u4e4b\u201d (\u300a\u91cc\u4ec1\u300b)\u00a0 \uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5112\u5b78\u5f62\u614b\u860a\u6db5\u8457\u4e00\u5957\u5171\u540c\u7684\u539f\u7406\uff1b\u5112\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5920 \u201c\u65e5\u65b0\u201d (\u300a\u5927\u5b78\u300b)\u00a0 \uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u5957\u539f\u7406\u3002\u9019\u5957\u539f\u7406\u5305\u542b\u8a31\u591a\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5957\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u9650\u65bc\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u50c5\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u5373 \u201c\u4ec1\u2192\u7fa9\u2192\u79ae\u201d \u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u79ae\uff1a\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u00a0 \u201c\u79ae\u201d \u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u95dc\u5207\u6240\u5728\uff1b\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u793e\u6703\u7fa4\u9ad4\u751f\u5b58\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u00a0 \u201c\u79ae\u201d\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u8aa4\u89e3\u3002\u8aa0\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u9075\u5b88\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u4fbf\u7121\u4ee5\u7acb\u8db3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b54\u5b50\u8b1b \u201c\u7acb\u65bc\u79ae\u201d\u00a0 (\u300a\u6cf0\u4f2f\u300b)\u00a0 \u3001 \u201c\u4e0d\u5b78\u79ae\uff0c\u7121\u4ee5\u7acb\u201d (\u300a\u5b63\u6c0f\u300b)\u00a0 \u3001\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u79ae\uff0c\u7121\u4ee5\u7acb\u201d (\u300a\u582f\u66f0\u300b)\u00a0 \uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u5011 \u201c\u514b\u5df1\u5fa9\u79ae\u201d (\u300a\u984f\u6df5\u300b)\uff1b\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u5957\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u00a0 \u201c\u7121\u79ae\u5247\u4e82\u201d (\u300a\u6cf0\u4f2f\u300b)\u00a0 \uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b54\u5b50\u5f37\u8abf\u00a0 \u201c\u70ba\u570b\u4ee5\u79ae\u201d\u00a0 (\u300a\u5148\u9032\u300b)\u00a0 \u3001\u201c\u9f4a\u4e4b\u4ee5\u79ae\u201d (\u300a\u70ba\u653f\u300b)\u00a0 \u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7406\u89e3 \u201c\u79ae\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5f88\u6210\u554f\u984c\u4e86\u3002\u8a66\u554f\uff1a\u5047\u5982\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u4e0d\u6b63\u7576\u3001\u6216\u5df2\u4e0d\u5408\u6642\u5b9c\uff0c\u00a0 \u201c\u79ae\u201d \u4e0d\u5408\u00a0 \u201c\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u96e3\u9053\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u61c9\u7576\u9075\u5b88\u55ce\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u9084\u61c9\u7576\u9075\u5b88\u00a0 \u201c\u541b\u70ba\u81e3\u7db1\uff0c\u7236\u70ba\u5b50\u7db1\uff0c\u592b\u70ba\u59bb\u7db1\u201d \u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u55ce\uff1f\u9084\u61c9\u7576\u9075\u5b88\u00a0 \u201c\u5728\u5bb6\u5f9e\u7236\uff0c\u51fa\u5ac1\u5f9e\u592b\uff0c\u592b\u6b7b\u5f9e\u5b50\u201d \u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u55ce\uff1f\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6839\u672c\u5931\u8aa4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u904e\u53bb\u65e2\u6709\u7684 \u201c\u79ae\u201d \u8996\u70ba\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u51dd\u56fa\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2. \u7fa9\uff1a\u6b63\u7fa9\u539f\u5247<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\uff082\uff09\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u539f\u5247\uff1a\u793e\u6703\u898f\u8303\u5efa\u69cb\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u5fc5\u9808\u51fa\u65bc\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u3002\u6545\u5b5f\u5b50\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u7fa9\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u6b63\u8def\u4e5f\u3002\u201d (\u300a\u96e2\u5a41\u4e0a\u300b)\u00a0 \u00a0\u4f55\u8b02\u6b63\u7576\u52d5\u6a5f\uff1f\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4ec1\u611b\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u7684\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u7d50\u69cb\uff1a\u4ec1\u2192\u7fa9\u2192\u79ae\uff0c\u5373:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u4ec1\u611b\u7cbe\u795e\u2192\u6b63\u7fa9\u539f\u5247\u2192\u5236\u5ea6\u898f\u7bc4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u4ec1\uff1a\u4ec1\u611b\u60c5\u611f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u793e\u6703\u898f\u8303\u5efa\u69cb\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f9d\u64da\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5426\u8981\u6c42\u4ec1\u611b\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u6b63\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u6b63\u7fa9\u8ad6\u4e4b\u9593\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u5340\u5225\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u9019\u6d89\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u6e96\u78ba\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u5168\u9762\u628a\u63e1\u5112\u5bb6 \u201c\u4ec1\u611b\u201d \u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u53cd\u5112\u4eba\u58eb\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u8b02\u00a0 \u201c\u4ec1\u611b\u201d \u5c31\u662f \u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u88fd\u5ea6\u898f\u7bc4\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u8840\u89aa\u502b\u7406\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u88fd\u5ea6\u898f\u7bc4\u7576\u7136\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5fc5\u7136\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u53ca\u5176\u89aa\u8fd1\u8005\u3002\u800c\u53ef\u60b2\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5112\u5bb6\u4eba\u58eb\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u5112\u5bb6\u7684 \u201c\u4ec1\u611b\u201d \u5c31\u662f \u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u201d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u5bb6\u5ead\u89aa\u60c5\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u502b\u7406\u3002\u96d9\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4ec1\u611b\u89c0\u5ff5\u56fa\u7136\u627f\u8a8d \u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u201d \u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6b64\u70ba\u88fd\u5ea6\u898f\u8303\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u539f\u5247\uff1b\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u539f\u5247\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u00a0 \u201c\u4e00\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4ec1\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5c0d \u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u201d \u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u00a0 \u201c\u6055\u9053\u201d \u5728\u502b\u7406\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u9818\u57df\u7684\u8cab\u5fb9\uff1a\u5728\u5efa\u69cb\u6216\u9078\u64c7\u5236\u5ea6\u898f\u7bc4\u6642\uff0c\u61c9\u7576 \u201c\u5df1\u6b32\u7acb\u800c\u7acb\u4eba\uff0c\u5df1\u6b32\u9054\u800c\u9054\u4eba\u201d (\u300a\u96cd\u4e5f\u300b)\u00a0 \u3001\u201c\u5df1\u6240\u4e0d\u6b32\uff0c\u52ff\u65bd\u65bc\u4eba\u201d (\u300a\u885b\u9748\u516c\u300b)\u00a0 \uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b5f\u5b50\u6240\u8b1b\u7684 \u201c\u8001\u543e\u8001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u4e4b\u8001\uff0c\u5e7c\u543e\u5e7c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u4e4b\u5e7c\u201d (\u300a\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u4e0a\u300b)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u61c9\u7576\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u88fd\u5ea6\u898f\u8303\u5efa\u69cb\uff0c\u78ba\u5be6\u8207\u5bb6\u5ead\u502b\u7406\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5 \u201c\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u201d \u70ba\u539f\u5247\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9069\u5b9c\u6027\u539f\u5247\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5373\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u539f\u5247\u8207\u9069\u61c9\u6027\u539f\u5247\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff1a\u5728\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u5b97\u6cd5\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b63\u7576\u800c\u9069\u5b9c\u7684\u88fd\u5ea6\u898f\u7bc4\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u8207\u5b97\u6cd5\u502b\u7406\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u6070\u6070\u610f\u5473\u8457:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b63\u7576\u800c\u9069\u5b9c\u7684\u88fd\u5ea6\u898f\u7bc4\u6c7a\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5b97\u6cd5\u502b\u7406\u6216\u5bb6\u5ead\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u73fe\u4ee3\u6b0a\u5229\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u5207\u6b63\u662f\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\uff0c \u5112\u5b78\u624d\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u4ee3\u8f49\u578b\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff1b\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c \u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u4e43\u662f\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u860a\u6db5\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c \u5112\u5b78\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u5c55\u958b\u3001\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c \u9019\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u9032\u7a0b\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9084 \u201c\u5728\u8def\u4e0a\u201d\uff1b\u4e0d\u50c5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u9084\u6642\u4e0d\u6642\u5730\u8aa4\u5165\u8ff7\u9014\uff0c \u4f8b\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\u7576\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5371\u96aa\u50be\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1. \u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u6982\u5ff5\u201d\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u6307\u7531\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u672c\u6240\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u5112\u5b78\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7687\u6b0a\u5112\u5b78\u548c\u5927\u773e\u5112\u5b78\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u7687\u6b0a\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u65e8\u5728\u5f37\u5316\u7d71\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e26\u64f4\u5c55\u4e2d\u83ef\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u8463\u4ef2\u8212\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u985e\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u800c\u5927\u773e\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u5247\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u5bb6\u5ead\u502b\u7406\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u652f\u6301\u8005\u70ba\u9109\u7d33\u968e\u5c64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u901a\u904e\u72a7\u7272\u5c0d\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u666e\u9069\u6027\u95dc\u611b\u63db\u4f86\u5bb6\u5ead\u8207\u6c0f\u65cf\u7684\u7e41\u69ae\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e09\u7a2e\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u5b5f\u65e6\uff08Donald Munro\uff09\u70ba\u674e\u4f83\u5982\uff08Kenneth Lieberthal\uff09, \u6797\u9806\u592b\uff08Shuen-fu Lin\uff09 \u548c\u694a\u683c\uff08Ernest Young\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5408\u7de8\u300a\u69cb\u5efa\u4e2d\u570b\uff08Constructing China\uff09\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5f15\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u76f8\u95dc\u8457\u4f5c\u53ef\u53c3\u898bRichard Guisso\uff0cStanley Johannesen Women in China<\/em> (Youngston: Philo Press), 1981; Alison Black, “Gender and Cosmology in Chinese Correlative Thinking\u201d in Gender and Religion<\/em>, Caroline Bynum, Stevan Harrell, Paula Richman (Boston: Beacon Press), 1986; Liu Te-han, Tung-chou fu-nu wen-ti-yen-chiu <\/em>(Taipei: Tai-wan hsueh-seng shu-chu), 1990; Pao Chia-lin, Readings in Chinese Women History <\/em>(Taiwan: Cowboy Publishing Ltd.), 1979\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u53c3\u898bSin Yee Chan, \u201cGender and Relationship Roles in the Analects<\/em> and the Mencius<\/em>\u201d in Asian Philosophy<\/em>, summer 2000.\u8a72\u6587\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u5167\u5916\u5340\u5206\u5c0d\u65bc\u6027\u5225\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u5340\u5206\uff1a\u7537\u6027\u4e3b\u8981\u6d3b\u52d5\u65bc\u5916\u90e8\uff08\u516c\u5171\/\u793e\u6703\uff09\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u5973\u6027\u5247\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u5167\u90e8\uff08\u5bb6\u5ead\uff09\u9818\u57df\u3002\u9019\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5167\u5916\u5340\u5206\u662f\u4f55\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u5c07\u5973\u6027\u7fa4\u9ad4\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u541b\u5b50\u7406\u60f3\u4e4b\u5916\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u5979\u5011\u7684\u5f9e\u5c6c\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u5728\u7d50\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u5c0d\u8a72\u8a8d\u77e5\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u5c0d\u65bc\u6027\u5225\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u53ef\u53c3\u8003Ann Oakley, Sex, Gender and Society<\/em> (New York: Harper and Row), 1972\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u5176\u9918\u56db\u7a2e\u5b87\u5b99\u4e4b\u529b\u70ba\u98a8\u3001\u96e8\u3001\u9ed1\u6697\u548c\u5149\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63a2\u8a0e\u8207\u5f90\u5fa9\u89c0\u5c0d\u65bc\u9670\u967d\u6982\u5ff5\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u8a73\u898b\u5f90\u5fa9\u89c0\uff08Hsu Fu-kuan\uff09Chung-kuo jen-hsing lun-shi<\/em> (Taiwan: Tunghai University Press), 1963.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u845b\u745e\u6f22\uff08A.C. Graham\uff09, Yin-yang and the Nature of Correlative Thinking <\/em>(Singapore: Institute of East Asian Philosophies. Occasional Paper and Monograph Series No.6.), 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u5f90\u5fa9\u89c0\uff08\u898b\u8173\u8a3b5\uff0c p.558\uff09\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b78\u754c\u95dc\u65bc\u5b54\u5b50\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u53c3\u8207\u5beb\u4f5c\u4e86\u5468\u6613\u4ecd\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. \u745e\u9e97\uff08Lisa Raphals\uff09, Sharing the light<\/em> (Albany: State University of New York Press), 1998, p.158.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u745e\u9e97\u8cea\u7591\u845b\u745e\u6f22\u95dc\u65bc\u9670\u967d\u7b49\u7d1a\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5979\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u65bc\u975e\u5112\u5bb6\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u99ac\u738b\u5806\u6587\u672c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u65bc\u5927\u91cf\u95dc\u65bc\u9670\u967d\u7b49\u7d1a\u6027\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5929\u5730\u3001\u4e0a\u4e0b\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u745e\u9e97\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u592a\u5c11\u3002\u5b89\u6a02\u54f2\u4e5f\u5728 \u201cTaoism and the Androgynous Ideal\u201d\uff08\u898b\u8173\u8a3b2\uff09\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u9670\u967d\u7684\u4e92\u88dc\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. \u53c3\u898bChou Lian-hsi chih<\/em> (Taipei:Commercial Press), 1973.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. \u90b5\u96cd\uff0c\u7687\u6975\u7d93\u4e16\u66f8\uff0c\u89c0\u7269\u5167\u7bc7\uff0c\u89c0\u7269\u7bc7\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. \u8b6f\u8005\u8a3b\u3002\u539f\u6587\u61c9\u70ba\u201c\u7121\u70ba\u800c\u6cbb\u8005\u5176\u821c\u4e5f\u8207\uff1f\u592b\u4f55\u70ba\u54c9\uff1f\u606d\u5df1\u6b63\u5357\u9762\u800c\u5df2\u77e3\u201d\uff08\u8ad6\u8a9e\u00b7\u885b\u9748\u516c\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. \u5982\u6211\u5c07\u5728\u4e4b\u5f8c\u63a2\u8a0e\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u7537\u6027\u4e5f\u6703\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u9670\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5152\u548c\u81e3\u76f8\u5c0d\u7236\u548c\u541b\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5c31\u662f\u9670\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\u4e00\u500b\u986f\u5f97\u6c89\u975c\u548c\u88ab\u52d5\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6703\u66f4\u591a\u64c1\u6709\u9670\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u9670\u967d\u7684\u4ea4\u66ff\u4e26\u4e0d\u6307\u5411\u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u5225\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\u7684\u66f4\u8fed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. \u5c0d\u65bc\u8fd1\u671f\u5973\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53cd\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u53c3\u898bNancy Fraser\u201c Equality, Difference, Democracy: Recent Feminist Debates,\u201d in Feminism and the New Democracy<\/em>, ed., Jodi Dean (Thousand Oaks: Sage Press), 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. \u00a0\u7f85\u601d\u6587\uff08Henry Rosemont, Jr.\uff09, \u201cConfucian and Feminist Perspectives on the Self\u201d in Culture and Self<\/em>, ed., Douglas Allen (Colorado: Westview Press), 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. \u898b\u5f90\u5fa9\u89c0\u66f8\uff0c\u7b2c580\u9801.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. \u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9670\u967d\u5c6c\u6027\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u5316\u6b78\u7d50\u65bc\u76f8\u95dc\u60c5\u5883\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u5225\u7684\u4eba\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u61c9\u7576\u662f\u5f37\u58ef\u7684\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5e74\u9f61\u548c\u7d1a\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ad8\u7d1a\u5225\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u662f\u5f37\u58ef\u7684\uff0c\u521d\u7d1a\u4eba\u5247\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\u6c23\u6982\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u967d\u5c6c\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. George Murdoch and Caterina Provost, “Factors in the Division of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis\u201d, Ethnology 12 (1973): 203-225.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. \u898bJean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile,<\/em> translated by William Boyd (New York: Teachers College), 1962.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. \u9ad8\u5f65\u9824\uff08Dorothy Ko\uff09\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u5973\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6027\u5225\u7b49\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\u53d6\u5f97\u6b0a\u5229\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6709\u8da3\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u53c3\u52a0\u5979\u7684\u8457\u4f5cTeachers of the Inner Chambers<\/em> (Stanford: Stanford University Press), 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. \u6211\u5f88\u611f\u8b1d\u72c4\u767e\u745e\uff08W. T. De Bary\uff09\u6559\u6388\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u95dc\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u5973\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u52d5\u614b\u672c\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u540c\u610fAlison Black\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u7537\u6027\u662f\u7406\u6027\u4e14\u540c\u6642\u6ce8\u91cd\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5973\u6027\u662f\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u4e26\u8a3b\u91cd\u548c\u8ae7\u7684\u3002\u898b\u5176\u66f8\u7b2c179\u9801\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u7406\u6027\u548c\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u5169\u5206\u6cd5\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u5112\u5bb6\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u548c\u8ae7\u662f\u901a\u904e\u7537\u6027\u7684\u8056\u738b\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. \u5b89\u6a02\u54f2\uff08Roger Ames\uff09\u8207 \u90dd\u5927\u70ba\uff08David Hall\uff09, Thinking from the Han (Albany: State of New York University Press), 1998, p.90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. \u6211\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u6bb5\u95dc\u65bc\u5bb6\u5ead\u9818\u57df\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c07\u95dc\u6ce8\u9670\u967d\u5340\u5206\u4e0b\u8a95\u751f\u7684\u8077\u696d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u80b2\u5152\u670d\u52d9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. Alice Eagly and Blair Johnson, “Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis\u201d, Psychological Bulletin <\/em>108 (1990):233-256.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. \u5f8c\u6f22\u66f8\uff08Hou Hanshu\uff09,<\/em> Peking: Chung-hua Press, p.2789. \u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u72c4\u767e\u745e\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8b6f\u672c\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u5176\u66f8Asian Values and Human Rights <\/em>(Cambridge, Harvard University Press), 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. \u5341\u5206\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u5973\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u8a8d\u540c\u6574\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u8aaa\u3002\u6bd4\u5982Carol Pateman\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5973\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a8d\u70ba\u50b3\u7d71\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u7236\u6b0a\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8cea\u7591\u4e86\u4f5c\u70ba\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u516c\u79c1\u5169\u5206\u6cd5\u3002\u5177\u9ad4\u53ef\u898bCarol Pateman, \u201cFeminist Critiques of the Public\/Private Dichotomy\u201d in Feminism Vol. 1, ed., Susan Okin and Jane Mansbridge, (Brookfield: Edward Elgar Publishiing Company), 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. \u9019\u4e9b\u5b78\u8005\u5305\u62ecCarol Gilligan, Nancy Chodorow and Sara Ruddick.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. \u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u8acb\u898bJane Mansbridge, \u201cFeminism and Democratic Community,\u201d in Feminism Vol. 1, op. cit., pp.347-352, and Elizabeth Spelman, Inessential Woman<\/em> (Boston: Beacon Press),1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. Nancy Fraser, “Equality, Difference and Democracy: Recent Feminist Debates,\u201d in Feminism and the New Democracy, ed., Jodi Dean (Thousand Oaks, Sage), 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. Fraser\u8a8d\u70ba\u6700\u8fd1\u95dc\u65bc\u201c\u53cd\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u548c\u201c\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u201d\u5973\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u53ea\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8b8a\u7570\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u5206\u96e2\u51fa\u4e86\u5e73\u7b49\u5973\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u548c\u5dee\u5225\u5973\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u540c\u4e0a\u66f8, pp.103-107\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. \u9673\u7956\u70ba\uff08Joseph Chan\uff09, \u201cLegitimacy, Unanimity, and Perfectionism\u201d in Philosophy and Public Affairs 2000, v.29, #1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

33. \u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u53ef\u8a72\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u751f\u6d3b\u7fd2\u6163\u662f\u5426\u548c\u6027\u5225\u898f\u7bc4\u6709\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u5c0d\u751f\u6d3b\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u8868\u793a\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

34. \u9019\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u4e26\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5112\u5bb6\u5c07\u62d2\u65a5\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u9670\u967d\u4e92\u88dc\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u61c9\u7576\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u500b\u7684\u9818\u57df\u3002\u5426\u5247\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u50c5\u6709\u7537\u6027\u6216\u5973\u6027\u7684\u9ad4\u80b2\u6bd4\u8cfd\u3002\u5728\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

35. Alison Black\uff0c\u540c\u4e0a\u66f8\u3002\u5979\u7d66\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5167\u5916\u7684\u5340\u5206\u548c\u5c0d\u4e8b\u7269\u9032\u884c\u9670\u967d\u5206\u985e\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u523b\u756b\u51fa\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36. \u53c3\u898b\u8a3b\u91cb2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

37. \u5c0d\u65bc\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u96cc\u96c4\u540c\u9ad4\uff0c\u8acb\u770bJames Sterba, \u201cFeminist Justice and the Family,\u201d in Feminist Philosophies<\/em>, ed., Janet Kourany, James Sterba and Rosemarie Tong, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall), 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

38. \u6211\u611f\u8b1d\u8207\u6703\u8005\u3001\u5169\u4f4d\u533f\u540d\u5be9\u95b1\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u7684\u540c\u4e8bDavid Christensen\u3001Don Loeb\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5efa\u8a2d\u6027\u610f\u898b\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u76ee\u524d\u5b78\u754c\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u5112\u5b78\u754c\u5145\u65a5\u8457\u5c0d\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u8aa4\u8b80\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u5112\u5b78\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u5c0d\u7acb\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u7528\u6240\u8b02 \u201c\u5112\u5bb6\u50b3\u7d71\u201d \u4f86\u6297\u62d2\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u5112\u5b78\u672c\u7136\u5730\u860a\u6db5\u8457\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u3002\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u4e0d\u50c5\u6e90\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u8f49\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u57fa\u65bc\u5112\u5b78\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5373 \u201c\u4ec1\u2192\u7fa9\u2192\u79ae\u201d \u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5efa\u69cb\u3002\u9019\u500b\u539f\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u6839\u64da\u6b63\u7fa9\u539f\u5247 ( \u7fa9) \uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8d85\u8d8a\u5dee\u7b49\u4e4b\u611b\u800c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e00\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4ec1\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u539f\u5247\u3001\u9806\u61c9\u7279\u5b9a\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u9069\u5b9c\u6027\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4f86 \u201c\u640d\u76ca\u201d \u5373\u8b8a\u9769\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u53ca\u5176\u88fd\u5ea6 ( \u79ae) \u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5112\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u5112\u5b78\u81ea\u8eab\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u3002\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u9032\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u5c55\u958b\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u5112\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u5df2\u7d93\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u8a2d\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u5be6; \u4f46\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u9032\u7a0b\u5c1a\u672a\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u8aa4\u5165\u8ff7\u9014\u800c\u9677\u5165\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8b66\u60d5\u7684\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[258,255,257,259,217,256,194],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4914"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4914"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4914\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4939,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4914\/revisions\/4939"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4914"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4914"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jinburuxue.com\/zh_tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}